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Astrocyte–Neuron Communications

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Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders

Abstract

When astrocytes were first visualized by Virchow in 1846, he characterized them as a type of “glue” filling in the interstitial space. The term “astrocyte” first appeared in 1893 when improvements in histological techniques made it possible to distinguish individual cell morphology within this cerebral “glue” [1]. The importance of these cells, though not well understood, was appreciated by the fact that astrocytes occupy a substantial amount of space in the brain, representing up to 50% of cerebral volume [2]. Interestingly, the ratio of astrocytes to neurons varies among species and according to the relative complexity of the brain [3], increasing proportionally with the complexity of the neural network. This is perhaps one of the first pieces of evidence hinting at a role for astrocytes in the integration of neuronal activity. With the advancement of staining techniques came a greater appreciation for the unique structure of these cells which subsequently provided great insight into their diverse functions. Astrocytes have multiple primary processes and fine branching processes which are able to expand and contract, allowing them to dynamically contact both synapses and microvasculature. In addition, by forming independent microdomains, with little or no overlap with neighboring astrocytes, astrocytes are able to effectively modulate communication between neuronal networks and glial–vascular coupling. For example, the end feet of astrocytes contact blood vessels and modulate blood flow via Ca2+-dependent release of vasoactive agents, effectively regulating neuronal access to nutrients required to sustain metabolic demand. Similarly, astrocyte morphology can change in response to their environment. Hormonally responsive astrocytes in the arcuate nucleus of the adult female rat respond to estradiol with dramatic changes in their morphology, including an increased coverage of neuronal perikarya, impacting synaptic communication [4]. These changes in morphology have been recently correlated with changes in glutamate–glutamine cycling, indicating functional plasticity of neuronal–glial communication in the normal adult brain [5]. Another important function of astrocytes is their role in the “tripartite synapse,” or the communication between the astrocytic process and the pre- and postsynaptic terminals [6]. Despite the complex morphology and numerous ramifications of astrocytes, it is still rather surprising to consider that a single astrocyte residing in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus can contact up to 140,000 synapses [7].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA

    Sally R. McIver, Mathilde Faideau & Philip G. Haydon Ph.D.

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  1. Sally R. McIver
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  2. Mathilde Faideau
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  3. Philip G. Haydon Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Philip G. Haydon Ph.D. .

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  1. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and, Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, NIH, Fishers Lane 5635, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Changhai Cui

  2. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and, Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, NIH, Fishers Lane 5635, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Lindsey Grandison

  3. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and, Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, NIH, Fishers Lane 5635, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Antonio Noronha

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McIver, S.R., Faideau, M., Haydon, P.G. (2013). Astrocyte–Neuron Communications. In: Cui, C., Grandison, L., Noronha, A. (eds) Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4729-0_2

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