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Non-Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes

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Diabetes and Viruses

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterised by immune-­cell-mediated destruction of the pancreatic islet cells leading to insufficient insulin production and consequent clinical manifestations of hyperglycaemia. Many genetic variants have been identified through GWAS to detect common variants in alleles that are disease-associated; some of these variants are associated with protection from virus infection by interferon-releasing factors. Migration studies support a role for environmental factors causing a change in disease incidence. Extensive epidemiological, histological and immunological data have indicated a role for viruses in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes although it has proven difficult to find a causal relationship. Increasing wealth and industrialisation in developed countries may also contribute to the rising incidence of type 1 diabetes. Disproportionate maternal influences on risk of type 1 diabetes suggest that critical disease-inducing environmental events operate very early, even in utero. Early infant diet can affect the appearance of diabetes-associated autoantibodies. Disproportionate maternal influences on risk of type 1 diabetes suggest that critical disease-inducing events operate very early, even in utero. Identification of relevant disease-causing non-genetic effects, especially if they are environmental in origin, could point the way towards disease modulation or even prevention.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Blizzard Institute, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, UK

    Serena Wai-Yan Chiu, R. David G. Leslie M.B.B.S., M.R.C.S., M.D., F.R.C.P. & Huriya Beyan

Authors
  1. Serena Wai-Yan Chiu
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  2. R. David G. Leslie M.B.B.S., M.R.C.S., M.D., F.R.C.P.
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  3. Huriya Beyan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. David G. Leslie M.B.B.S., M.R.C.S., M.D., F.R.C.P. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dent, Centre for Diabetes & Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cell & Molecular Science, n/a, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom

    Keith Taylor

  2. Tampere University Hospital, Department of Virology, University of Tampere, n/a, Tampere, 33520, Finland

    Heikki Hyöty

  3. University of Insubria & Ospedale di Cir, Varese, Italy

    Antonio Toniolo

  4. University College London Medical School, n/a, London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom

    Arie J. Zuckerman

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Chiu, S.WY., Leslie, R.D.G., Beyan, H. (2013). Non-Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes. In: Taylor, K., Hyöty, H., Toniolo, A., Zuckerman, A. (eds) Diabetes and Viruses. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4051-2_4

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