Abstract
When designing a survey two key problems have to be addressed, namely how to make sure that the final respondents represent the target population (or how to minimise non-observation errors) and how to make sure that the answers to survey questions represent the concepts under investigation (or how to minimise observation errors). This chapter discusses key factors in survey design, such as administration mode, coverage, sampling and non-response, the role of survey organisations and interviewers, questionnaire development, pretesting, fieldwork monitoring and archiving and dissemination. The main focus is on face-to-face surveys. In a cross-national survey there are additional considerations: the national context, variations in survey practice, the relevance of concepts in different countries, differences in the use of answer scales, translation of questions and, more generally, cross-national equivalence. This chapter provides a large number of examples, mainly drawn from the European Social Survey.
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Further reading: Survey Methodology and Quality
Biemer, P. P., & Lyberg, L. E. (2003). Introduction to survey quality. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
De Leeuw, E. D., Hox, J. J., & Dillman, D. A. (Eds.). (2008). International handbook of survey methodology. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2009). Survey Methodology, 2 nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Marsden P., & Wright, J. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of survey research. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2nd Ed.
Questionnaire design
Harkness, J., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Johnson, T. (2003). Questionnaire design in comparative research. In J. A. Harkness, F. J. R. van de Vijver, & P. Ph Mohler (Eds.), Cross-cultural survey methods (19–34). New York: Wiley.
Harkness, J. A., Edwards, B., Hansen, S. E., Millar, D. R., & Vilar, A. (2010). Designing questionnaires for multi population research. In J. A. Harkness, M. Braun, B. Edwards, T. P. Johnson, L. Lyberg, P. Ph Mohler, B.-E. Pennell, & T. W. Smith (Eds.), Survey methods in multinational, multiregional, and multicultural contexts (pp. 33–58). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Saris, W. E., & Gallhofer, I. N. (2007). Design, evaluation, and analysis of questionnaires for survey research. New York, Wiley: Wiley Series in Survey Methodology.
Interviewers
Lesser, J., Eyerman, J., & Wang, K. (2008). Interviewer training. In E. de Leeuw, J. Hox, & D. Dillman (Eds.), International handbook of survey methodology (pp. 442–460). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Loosveldt, G. (2008). Face-to-face interviews. In E. de Leeuw, J. Hox, & D. Dillman (Eds.), International handbook of survey methodology (pp. 201–220). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Morton-Williams, J. (1993). Interviewer approaches. Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing.
Schaeffer, N. C., Dykema, J., & Maynard, D. W. (2010). Interviewers and interviewing. In P. Marsden & J. Wright (Eds.), Handbook of survey research (437–470). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2nd Ed.
Cross-national surveys
Harkness, J. A., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Mohler, P. Ph. (Eds.). (2003). Cross-cultural survey methods. New York: Wiley.
Harkness, J. A., Braun, M., Edwards, B., Johnson, T. P., Lyberg, L., Mohler, P. Ph (Eds.). (2010). Survey methods in multinational, multiregional, and multicultural contexts (33–58). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Survey Research Center (2010) Guidelines for best practice in cross-cultural surveys. Ann Arbor, MI, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Retrieved August, 8 2011, from www.ccsg.isr.umich.edu.
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Stoop, I., Harrison, E. (2012). Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys Using FTF. In: Gideon, L. (eds) Handbook of Survey Methodology for the Social Sciences. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3876-2_15
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