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Sickle-Cell Disease and Stroke: Evidence-Based Neuroimaging

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Evidence-Based Neuroimaging Diagnosis and Treatment

Part of the book series: Evidence-Based Imaging ((Evidence-Based Imag.))

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Abstract

SCD is the family of recessively inherited disorders of hemoglobin (Hb) [1], which have developed in response to strong evolutionary selection by malaria [2, 3]. Sickle-cell anemia (SCA), the most severe form of SCD, refers specifically to homozygosity for the HbS (βS), a variant of the HbB gene (which encodes β-globin), whereas people who inherit only one sickle gene are sickle-cell carriers [4, 5]. HbS homozygotes suffer from SCD, but heterozygotes have a tenfold reduced risk of severe malaria [6, 7]. SCD also includes other variants of the HbB gene, namely, HbC and HbE [8–11] and regulatory defects of HbA and HbB, which cause α and ß thalassemia (Sß + or Sß0) [12–14]. The evolutionary pressure has risen to high frequencies of HbS allele in malaria-exposed populations despite the fatal consequences for homozygotes (HbSS) [2]. Different populations have developed independent evolutionary responses to malaria at both the global and the local levels [15]. The most striking example is the Hb gene, in which three different coding single nucleotide points confer protection against malaria: Glu6Val (HbS), Glu6Lys (HbC), and Glu26Lys (HbE) [3]. The HbS allele is common in Africa but rare in Southeast Asia, whereas the opposite is true for the HbE allele [3, 15]. At the local level, not only frequency of the HbC and HbS allele varies [8], but the frequency of their haplotypes also varies; for instance, the HbS allele is found in four distinct haplotypes in West Africa region [16–18].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Jaroslaw Krejza

  2. College of Medicine, Al–Imam Mohamed bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Jaroslaw Krejza

  3. Department of Neurology, Medical University of Silesia, Central University Hospital, 40-752, Katowice, Poland

    Michal Arkuszewski

  4. Department of Neuroscience, University Hospitals Conventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK

    Maciej Swiat

  5. Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Maciej Tomaszewski

  6. Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Elias R. Melhem

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  1. Jaroslaw Krejza
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  2. Michal Arkuszewski
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  3. Maciej Swiat
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  4. Maciej Tomaszewski
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  5. Elias R. Melhem
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Correspondence to Jaroslaw Krejza .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Neuroradiology-Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL, USA

    L. Santiago Medina

  2. Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

    L. Santiago Medina

  3. Former Lecturer in Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    L. Santiago Medina

  4. Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA

    Pina C. Sanelli

  5. Department of Radiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Jeffrey G. Jarvik

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Krejza, J., Arkuszewski, M., Swiat, M., Tomaszewski, M., Melhem, E.R. (2013). Sickle-Cell Disease and Stroke: Evidence-Based Neuroimaging. In: Medina, L.S., Sanelli, P.C., Jarvik, J.G. (eds) Evidence-Based Neuroimaging Diagnosis and Treatment. Evidence-Based Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3320-0_12

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