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Development of Oligodendrocytes in the Vertebrate CNS

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Myelin Repair and Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract

One characteristic of the vertebrate CNS is the presence of myelin, a fatty insulation that surrounds individual axons and facilitates the rapid conduction and enhances the efficiency of electrical impulses along the length of the axon. Oligodendrocytes are the primary cellular source of myelin in the CNS, and their development has been extensively studied over the last 2 decades. Compact myelin appears as concentric rings of modified plasma membrane that ensheaths a segment or internode along an axon. The gap between two adjacent internodes on the same axon is known as the Node of Ranvier and is a complex structure that maintains the integrity of the axon–glial unit. The discontinuous nature of myelin and the localized concentration of ion channels at Nodes of Ranvier result in accelerated conduction of electrical signals along axons and a lowering of the threshold for propagating such signals. Not all axons are myelinated, and some axons have regions that are both unmyelinated and myelinated. The functioning of the adult nervous system is however dependent on the appropriate level of myelination, and diseases or injuries that reduce the extent of local myelination result in functional deficits.

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  1. Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    Robert H. Miller

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  1. School Veterinary Medicine, Dept. Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Linden Drive West 2015, Madison, 53706-1102, Wisconsin, USA

    Ian D. Duncan

  2. Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Ce, and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom

    Robin J M Franklin

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Miller, R.H. (2013). Development of Oligodendrocytes in the Vertebrate CNS. In: Duncan, I., Franklin, R. (eds) Myelin Repair and Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2218-1_1

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