Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Childbirth and Lower Urinary Tract Complications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Childbirth Trauma

Abstract

Effects of childbirth on women’s health are often multiple, including changes in the mechanisms of urinary continence and pelvic floor support. Women after delivery may suffer from a wide range of lower urinary tract dysfunction such as voiding difficulty, urinary retention, urinary incontinence and acute or chronic injury to the urinary tract. Hormonal changes during pregnancy, regional anaesthesia and prolonged labour or instrumental delivery may predispose to postpartum urinary retention. Proper bladder care during and after labour is essential to prevent undiagnosed bladder overdistension and subsequent long-term bladder dysfunction. Stress urinary incontinence is the most common type associated with pregnancy and puerperium which results from levator ani damage, urethral and bladder neck hypermobility and/or ischaemic urethral injury. There is evidence that pelvic floor muscle training during antenatal and postnatal period can prevent urinary incontinence, while, the role of caesarean section in the prevention of incontinence is still debatable. Although intraoperative bladder and ureteric injury is uncommon, it is a potentially serious complication of caesarean delivery if unrecognised. Special attention in high risk patients is essential to avoid such injuries. Obstetric fistula is a devastating public health problem in the developing countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Brown JS, Posner SF, Stewart AL. Urge incontinence: new health-related quality of life measures. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47(8):980–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. MacLennan AH, Taylor AW, Wilson DH, Wilson PD. The prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and their relationship to gender, age, parity and mode of delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;107:1460–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hannestad YS, Steinar H. Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:900–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ching-Chung L, Shuenn-Dhy C, Ling-Hong T, Ching-Chang H, Chao-Lun C, Po-Jen C. Postpartum urinary retention: assessment of contributing factors and longterm clinical impact. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;42:365–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Glavind K, Bjørk J. Incidence and treatment of urinary retention postpartum. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2003;14:119–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Groutz A, Gordon D, Wolman I, Jaffa A, Kupferminc MJ, Lessing JB. Persistent postpartum urinary retention in contemporary obstetric practice. Definition, prevalence and clinical implications. J Reprod Med. 2001;46:44–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Thom D, Rortveit G. Prevalence of postpartum urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(12):1511–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Nygaard I. Urinary incontinence: is cesarean delivery protective? Semin Perinatol. 2006;30(5):267–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Teo R, Punter J, Abrams K, Mayne C, Tincello D. Clinically overt postpartum urinary retention after vaginal delivery: a retrospective case-control study. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007;18(5):521–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rizvi RM, Khan ZS, Khan Z. Diagnosis and management of postpartum urinary retention. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2005;91:71–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Carley ME, Carley JM, Vasdev G, Lesnick TG, Webb MJ, Ramin KD, et al. Factors that are associated with clinically overt postpartum urinary retention after vaginal delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:430–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kekre AN, Vijayanand S, Dasgupta R, Kekre N. Postpartum urinary retention after vaginal delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2011;112:112–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Yip SK, Brieger G, Hin LY, Chung T. Urinary retention in the post-partum period. The relationship between obstetric factors and the post-partum post-void residual bladder volume. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1997;76:667–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ismail SI, Emery SJ. The prevalence of silent postpartum retention of urine in a heterogeneous cohort. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28:504–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Andolf E, Iosif CS, Jörgensen C, Rydhström H. Insidious urinary retention after vaginal delivery: prevalence and symptoms at follow-up in a population-based study. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1994;38(1):51–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Liang CC, Wong SY, Tsay PT, Chang SD, Tseng LH, Wang MF, et al. The effect of epidural analgesia on postpartum urinary retention in women who deliver vaginally. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2002;11:164–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hee P, Lose G, Beier-Holgersen R, Engdahl E, Falkenlove P. Postpartum voiding in the primiparous after vaginal delivery. Int Urogynecol J. 1992;3:95–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Demaria F, Amar N, Biau D, Fritel X, Porcher R, Amarenco G, et al. Prospective 3D ultrasonographic evaluation of immediate postpartum urine retention volume in 100 women who delivered vaginally. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2004;15:281–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Yip SK, Sahota D, Pang MW, Chang A. Screening test model using duration of labor for the detection of postpartum urinary retention. Neurourol Urodyn. 2005;24(3):248–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Saultz JW, Toffler WL, Shackles JY. Postpartum urinary retention. J Am Board Fam Ract. 1991;4:341–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Yip SK, Sahota D, Pang MW, Chang A. Postpartum urinary retention. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83(10):881–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Iosif S, Ingemarsson I, Ulmsten U. Urodynamic studies in normal pregnancy and in puerperium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;137(6):696–700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kearney R, Cutner A. Postpartum voiding dysfunction. Obstetr Gynecol. 2008;10(2):71–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Madersbacher H, Cardozo L, Chapple C, Abrams P, Toozs-Hobson P, Young JS, et al. What are the causes and consequences of bladder overdistension?: ICI-RS 2011. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012;31:317–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Zaki MM, Pandit M, Jackson S. National survey for intrapartum and postpartum bladder care: assessing the needs for guidelines. BJOG. 2004;111:874–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN. Pudendal nerve damage during labour: prospective study before and after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;101(1):22–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Tetzschner T, Sorensen M, Lose G, Christiansen J. Pudendal nerve recovery after a non-instrumented vaginal delivery. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1996;7(2):102–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tetzschner T, Sorensen M, Lose G, Christiansen J. Pudendal nerve function during pregnancy and after delivery. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1997;8(2):66–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Mulder FEM, Schoffelmeer MA, Hakvoort RA, Limpens J, MolBW J, Rooversa JPWR, et al. Risk factors for postpartum urinary retention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03459.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Groutz A, Hadi E, Wolf Y, Maslovitz S, Gold R, Lessing JB, et al. Early postpartum voiding dysfunction: incidence and correlation with obstetric parameters. J Reprod Med. 2004;49:960–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ramsay LN, Torbet TE. Incidence: of abnormal voiding parameters in the immediate postpartum period. Neurourol Urodynamics. 1993;12:119–83.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lim JL. Post-partum voiding dysfunction and urinary retention. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;50:502–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Yip SK, Sahota D, Chang AM. Determining the reliability of ultrasound measurements and the validity of the formulae for ultrasound estimation of postvoid residual bladder volume in postpartum women. Neurourol Urodynamics. 2003;22(3):255–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kerr-Wilson RH, Thompson SW, Orr JW, Davis RO, Cloud GA. Effect of labor on the postpartum bladder. BJOG. 1984;64:115–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Jeffery TJ, Thyer B, Tsokos N, Taylor JD. Chronic urinary retention postpartum. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;30:364–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. NICE. Urinary incontinence: the management of urinary incontinence in women. London: NICE; (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Harris RE. Postpartum urinary retention: role of antimicrobial therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;133(2):174–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Burkhart FL, Porges RF, Gibbs CE. Bladder capacity postpartum and catheterisation. Obstet Gynecol. 1965;26:176–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Foldspang A, Hvidman L, Mommsen S, Nielsen JB. Risk of postpartum urinary incontinence associated with pregnancy and mode of delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83(10):923–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Viktrup L, Lose G. The risk of stress incontinence 5 years after first delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:82–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(1):4–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hannestad YS, Hunskaar S. Vaginal delivery parameters and urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPICONT study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189(5):1269–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Viktrup L, Lose G, Rolff M, Barfoed K. The frequency of urological symptoms during pregnancy and delivery in primiparae. Int Urogynecol J. 1993;4:27–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Wilson PD, Herbison RM, Herbison GP. Obstetric practice and the prevalence of urinary incontinence three months after delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;103:154–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Sandvik H, Hunskaar S. A community-based epidemiological survey of female urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPINCONT study. Epidemiology of incontinence in the County of Nord-Trondelag. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53(11):1150–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Viktrup L, Lose G, Rolff M, Barfoed K. The symptom of stress incontinence caused by pregnancy or delivery in primiparas. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;79:945–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Viktrup L, Lose G. Lower urinary tract symptoms 5 years after the first delivery. Int Urogynecol J. 2000;11:336–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hojberg KE, Salvig JD, Winslow NA, Lose G, Secher NJ. Urinary incontinence: prevalence and risk factors at 16 weeks of gestation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;106(8):842–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Chiarelli P, Campbell E. Incontinence during pregnancy. Prevalence and opportunities for continence promotion. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;37(1):66–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hansen BB, Svare J, Viktrup L, Jorgensen T, Lose G. Urinary incontinence during pregnancy and 1 year after delivery in primiparous women compared with a control group of nulliparous women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012;31(4):475–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wesnes SL, Hunskaar S, Bo K, Rortveit G. The effect of urinary incontinence status during pregnancy and delivery mode on incontinence postpartum. A cohort study. BJOG. 2009;116:700–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Morkved S, Bo K. Prevalence of urinary incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1999;10:394–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Boyles SH, Li H, Mori T, Osterweil P, Guise JM. Effect of mode of delivery on the incidence of urinary incontinence in primiparous women. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(1):134–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Eliasson K, Nordlander I, Larson B, Hammarstrom M, Mattsson E. Influence of physical activity on urinary leakage in primiparous women. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15(2):87–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Farrell SA, Allen VM, Baskett TF. Parturition and urinary incontinence in primiparas. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(3):350–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Glazener CM, Herbison GP, MacArthur C, Lancashire R, McGee MA, Grant AM, et al. New postnatal urinary incontinence: obstetric and other risk factors in primiparae. BJOG. 2006;113(2):208–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Solans-Domenech M, Sanchez E, Espuna-Pons M. Urinary and anal incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum: incidence, severity, and risk factors. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(3):618–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Burgio KL, Zyczynski H, Locher JL, Richter HE, Redden DT, Wright KC. Urinary incontinence in the 12-month postpartum period. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(6):1291–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Iosif S. Stress incontinence during pregnancy and in puerperium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1981;19:13–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Dimpfl T, Hesse U, Schussler B. Incidence and cause of postpartum urinary stress incontinence. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1992;43(1):29–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ekstrom A, Altman D, Wiklund I, Larsson C, Andolf E. Planned cesarean section versus planned vaginal delivery: comparison of lower urinary tract symptoms. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19(4):459–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Sampselle CM, DeLancey JOL, Ashton-Miller J. Urinary incontinence in pregnancy and postpartum. Neurourol Urodyn. 1996;15(4):329–30.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Thomason AD, Miller JM, Delancey JO. Urinary incontinence symptoms during and after pregnancy in continent and incontinent primiparas. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007;18:147–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Yang X, Zhang HX, Yu HY, Gao XL, Yang HX, Dong Y. The prevalence of fecal incontinence and urinary incontinence in primiparous postpartum Chinese women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;152(2):214–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ege E, Akin B, Altuntug K, Benli S, Arioz A. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in the 12-month postpartum period and related risk factors in Turkey. Urol Int. 2008;80(4):355–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ewings P, Spencer S, Marsh H, O’Sullivan M. Obstetric risk factors for urinary incontinence and preventative pelvic floor exercises: cohort study and nested randomized controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;25(6):558–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hvidman L, Foldspang A, Mommsen S, Nielsen JB. Postpartum urinary incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003;82(6):556–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mason L, Glenn S, Walton I, Appleton C. The prevalence of stress incontinence during pregnancy and following delivery. Midwifery. 1999;15(2):120–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Raza-Khan F, Graziano S, Kenton K, Shott S, Brubaker L. Peripartum urinary incontinence in a racially diverse obstetrical population. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2006;17(5):525–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Schytt E, Lindmark G, Waldenstrom U. Symptoms of stress incontinence 1 year after childbirth: prevalence and predictors in a national Swedish sample. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83(10):928–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Smith ARB, Hosker GL, Warell DW. The role of pudendal nerve damage in the aetiology of genuine stress incontinence in women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;96:29–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Peschers UM, Schaer GN, DeLancey JO, Schuessler B. Levator ani function before and after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:1004–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Dietz H, Lanzarone V. Levator trauma after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:707–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Dietz H, Shek K, Clarke B. Biometry of the pubo visceral muscle and levator hiatus by three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;25:580–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lien KC, Mooney B, DeLancey JO, Ashton-Miller JA. Levatorani muscle stretch induced by simulated vaginal birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:31–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Hoyte L, Schierlitz L, Zou K, Flesh G, Fielding JR. Two and 3-dimensinoal MRI comparison of levator ani structure, volume and integrity in women with SUI and prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:11–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. DeLancey JOL, Kearney R, Chou Q, Speights S, Binno S. The appearance of levator ani muscle abnormalities in magnetic resonance images after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:46–53.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. King JK, Freeman RM. Is antenatal bladder neck mobility a risk factor for postpartum stress incontinence? Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105:1300–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. DeLancey JO, Miller JM, Kearney R, Howard D, Reddy P, Umek W, et al. Vaginal birth and de novo stress incontinence: relative contributions of urethral dysfunction and mobility. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:354–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Toozs-Hobson P, Balmforth J, Cardozo L, Khullar V, Athanasiou S. The effect of mode of delivery on pelvic floor functional anatomy. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19(3):407–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Mikhail M, Anyaegbunam A. Lower urinary tract dysfunction in pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1995;5:675–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Tapp A. The effect of vaginal delivery on the urethral sphincter. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;95:142–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Cannon TM, Wojcik EM, Ferguson CL, Saraga S, Thomas C, Damaser MS. Effects of vaginal distension on urethral anatomy and function. BJU Int. 2002;90:403–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Torrisi G, Sampugnaro EG, Pappalardo EM, D’Urso E, Vecchio M, Mazza A. Postpartum urinary stress incontinence: analysis of the associated risk factors and neurophysiologicaltests. Minerva Ginecol. 2007;59:491–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Serati M, Salvatore S, Khullar V, Uccella S, Bertelli E, Ghezzi F, et al. Prospective study to assess risk factors for pelvic floor dysfunction after delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87:313–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Landon CR, Crofts CE, Smith ARB, Trowbridge A. Mechanical properties of fascia during pregnancy: a possible factor in the development of stress incontinence of urine. Contemp Rev Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;2:40–6.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Norton PA, Baker JE, Sharp HC, Warenski JC. Genitourinary prolapse and joint hypermobility in women. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85:225–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Chaliha C, Kalia V, Stanton SL, Monga A, Sultan AH. Antenatal prediction of postpartum urinary and faecal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:689–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Rasmussen KL, Krue S, Johansson LE, Knudsen HJ, Agger AO. Obesity as a predictor of postpartum urinary symptoms. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1997;76:359–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Casey BM, Schaffer JI, Bloom SL, Heartwell SF, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ. Obstetric antecedents for postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:1655–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Abrams P, Andersson KE, Birder L, Brubaker L, Cardozo L, Chapple C, et al. Fourth international consultation on incontinence recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(1):213–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Hay-Smith J, Mørkved S, Fairbrother KA, Herbison GP. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD007471.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kegel AH. Progressive resistance exercise in the functional restoration of the perineal muscles. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1948;56:238–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Price N, Dawood R, Jackson SR. Pelvic floor exercise for urinary incontinence: a systematic literature review. Maturitas. 2010;67(4):309–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Hay-Smith EJC, Dumoulin C. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(1):CD005654.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Press JZ, Klein MC, Kaczorowski J, Liston RM, von Dadelszen P. Does cesarean section reduce postpartum urinary incontinence? A Systematic Review. Birth. 2007;34:3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Foldspang A, Mommsen S, Djurhuus JC. Prevalent urinary incontinence as a correlate of pregnancy, vaginal childbirth, and obstetric techniques. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:209–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Mant J, Painter R, Vessey M. Epidemiology of genital prolapse: observations from the Oxford Family Planning Association Study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:579–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Faundes A, Guarisi T, Pinto-Neto AM. The risk of urinary incontinence of parous women who delivered only by cesarean section. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2001;72:41–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Demirci F, Ozden Z, Alpay E, Demirci ET, Ayas S. The effects of vaginal delivery and cesarean section on bladder neck mobility and stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 2001;12:129–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Groutz A, Rimon E, Peled S, Gold R, Pauzner D, Lessing JB, et al. Cesarean section: does it really prevent the development of postpartum stress urinary incontinence? A prospective study of 363 women one year after their first delivery. Neurourol Urodynam. 2004;23:2–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Barbieri RL. How to repair bladder injury at the time of cesarean delivery. OBG Manag. 2011;23(12):6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Yossepowitch O, Baniel J, Livne PM. Urological injuries during cesarean section: intraoperative diagnosis and management. J Urol. 2004;172(1):196–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Thom EA, et al. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(6):1226–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Vu KK, Brittain PC, Fontenot JP, Harlass FE, Hawley- Bowland CG, Diaz-Ball F. Vesicouterine fistula after cesarean section: a case report. J Reprod Med. 1995;40:221–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Buckspan MB, Simha S, Klotz PG. Vesicouterine fistula: a rare complication of cesarean section. Obstet Gynecol. 1983;62(Suppl):64–6.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Iloabachie GC, Njoku O. Vesico-uterine fistula. Br J Urol. 1985;57:438–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Williams CH, Heaney JA, Young W. Respiratory distress following cesarean section: cryptic presentation of bladder injury. Urology. 1994;44(3):441–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Lee JS, Choe JH, Lee HS, Seo JT. Urologic complications following obstetric and gynecologic surgery. Korean J Urol. 2012;53:795–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Maureen GP, Bryan W, Jeffrey L, Sherry W, Deborah L. Risk factors for bladder injury during cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(1):156–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Alcocer Urueta J, Bonilla Mares M, Gorbea Chávez V, Velázquez VB. Risk factors for bladder injuries during cesarean section. Actas Urol Esp. 2009;33(7):806–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Gungorduk K, Asicioglu O, Celikkol O, Sudolmus S, Ark C. Iatrogenic bladder injuries during caesarean delivery: a case control study. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;30(7):667–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Rahman MS, Gasem T, Al Suleiman SA, Al Jama FE, Burshaid S, Rahman J. Bladder injuries during cesarean section in a University Hospital: a 25-year review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009;279(3):349–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Cahill AG, Stout MJ, Stamilio DM, Odibo AO, Peipert JF, Macones GA. Risk factors for bladder injury in patients with a prior hysterotomy. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(1):116–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Eisenkop SM, Richman R, Platt LD, Paul RH. Urinary tract injury during cesarean section. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;60(5):591–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Lucci JA. Lesiones Urológicas y Gastrointestinales. In: Gilstrap LC, Cunningham FG, Van Dorsten JP, editors. Urgencias en salas de partos y obstetricia quirúrgica. 2nd ed. Madrid: Panamericana; 2004. p. 443–52.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Davis JD. Management of injuries to the urinary and gastrointestinal tract during cesarean section. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1999;26(3):469–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Onuora VC, Ariyan AL, Koko AH, Wahab A, Al Jawini N. Major injuries to de urinary tract in association with childbirth. East Afr Med J. 1997;74(8):523–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Rajasekar D, Hall M. Urinary tract injuries during obstetric intervention. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104(6):731–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Chan JK, Morrow J, Manetta A. Prevention of ureteral injuries in gynecologic surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188(5):1273–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Liapis A, Bakas P, Giannopoulos V, Creatsas G. Ureteral injuries during gynecological surgery. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2001;12:391–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Neuman M, Eidelman A, Langer R, Golan A, Bukovsky I, Caspi E. Iatrogenic injuries to the ureter during gynecologic and obstetric operations. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1991;173:268–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Hammil SL, Rogers RG. Urologic injury at the time of cesarean delivery. Female Patient. 2009;34:23–5.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Yang B. Bladder rupture associated with uterine rupture at delivery. Int Urogynecol J. 2011;22(5):625–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Forsnes EV, Browning JE, Gherman RB. Bladder rupture associated with uterine rupture. A report of two cases occurring during vaginal birth after cesarean. J Reprod Med. 2000;45(3):240–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Zeteroğlu S, Bayrakli H, Yilmaz Y, Sahin HG. Combined bladder, urethral and uterine rupture after a normal, spontaneous vaginal delivery at home: a case report. J Reprod Med. 2005;50(11):874–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Okoro O, Onwere S, Chigbu B. Bladder and uterine rupture at vaginal birth after cesarean section. AJOL. 2008;5:1.

    Google Scholar 

  128. WHO. 10 facts on obstetric fistula. 2011. Available on line at website: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/obstetric_fistula/en/.

  129. Lewis G, de Bernis L, editors. Obstetric fistula. Guiding principles for clinical management and programme development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Tebeu PM, Fomulu JN, Khaddaj S, Bernis LD, Delvaux T, Rochat CH. Risk factors for obstetric fistula: a clinical review. Int Urogynecol J. 2012;23:387–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Semere L, Nour NM. Obstetric fistula: living with incontinence and shame. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2008;1(4):193–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Tebeu PM, de Bernis L, Doh AS, Rochat CH, Delvaux T. Risk factors for obstetric fistula in the Far North Province of Cameroon. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;107(1):12–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Melah GS, Massa AA, Yahaya UR, Bukar M, Kizaya DD, El Nafaty AU. Risk factors for obstetric fistulae in northeastern Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;27(8):819–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Ampofo EK, Omotara BA, Otu T, Uchebo G. Risk factors of vesico-vaginal fistulae in Maiduguri, Nigeria: a case-control study. Trop Doct. 1990;20(3):138–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Ampofo K, Otu T, Uchebo G. Epidemiology of vesico-vaginal fistulae in northern Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 1990;9(2):98–102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Ojanuga Onolemhemhen D, Ekwempu CC. An investigation of sociomedical risk factors associated with vaginal fistula in northern Nigeria. Women Health. 1999;28(3):103–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Islam AI, Begum A. A psycho-social study on genito-urinary fistula. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1992;18(2):82–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Cook R, Dickens M, Syed S. Obstetric fistula: the challenge to human rights. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2004;87:72–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Bangser M. Obstetric fistula and stigma. Lancet. 2006;367(9509):535–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Lenkovsky Z, Pode D, Shapiro A, Caine M. Vesicouterine fistula: a rare complication of cesarean section. J Urol. 1988;139(1):123–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Mercader VP, McGuckin Jr JF, Caroline DF, Chatwani A, Seidmon EJ. CT of vesicocorporeal fistula with menouria: a complication of uterine biopsy. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1995;19(2):324–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Wall LL. Obstetric vesicovaginal fistula as an international public health problem. Lancet. 2006;368:1201–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Arrowsmith S, Hamlin EC, Wall LL. Obstructed labor injury complex: obstetric fistula formation and the multifaceted morbidity of maternal birth trauma in the developing world. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1996;51:568–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Waaldijk K. The immediate management of fresh obstetric fistulas. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(3):795–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Waaldijk K. Immediate indwelling bladder catheterization at postpartum urine leakage—personal experience of 1200 patients. Trop Doct. 1997;27(4):227–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Waaldijk K. The immediate surgical management of fresh obstetric fistulas with catheter and/or early closure. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1994;45(1):11–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Bazi T. Spontaneous closure of vesicovaginal fistulas after bladder drainage alone: review of the evidence. Int Urogynecol J. 2007;18:4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Goh JT. Genital tract fistula repair on 116 women. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;38(2):158–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Gharoro EP, Abedi HO. Vesico-vaginal fistula in Benin City. Niger Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999;64(3):313–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Browning A. Prevention of residual urinary incontinence following successful repair of obstetric vesico-vaginal fistula using a fibro-muscular sling. BJOG. 2004;111(4):357–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Raassen TJ, Verdaasdonk EG, Vierhout ME. Prospective results after first-time surgery for obstetric fistulas in East African women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007;19(1):73–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Nardos R, Browning A, Member B. Duration of bladder catheterization after surgery for obstetric fistula. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2008;103(1):30–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Rangnekar NP, Imdad AN, Kaul SA, Pathak HR. Role of the martius procedure in the management of urinary-vaginal fistulas. J Am Coll Surg. 2000;191(3):259–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Browning A. Lack of value of the Martius fibrofatty graft in obstetric fistula repair. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006;93(1):33–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Hilton P, Ward A. Epidemiological and surgical aspects of urogenital fistulae: a review of 25 years’ experience in southeast Nigeria. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1998;9(4):189–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Creanga A, Ahmed S, Genadry R, Stanton C. Prevention and treatment of obstetric fistula: identifying research needs and public health priorities. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2007;99:S151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Tanta University Hospital, 27 Omar Ben Khatab Street, Tanta, El Gharbia, 31111, Egypt

    Ali Abdel Raheem MBChB, MSc & Ahmed El-Sherbiny MBChB, MSc

  2. Department of Urology, Tanta University Hospital, Kafr El Zayat, El Gharbia, Egypt

    Ahmed Zoaier MBChB, MSc

Authors
  1. Ali Abdel Raheem MBChB, MSc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ahmed Zoaier MBChB, MSc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ahmed El-Sherbiny MBChB, MSc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Abdel Raheem MBChB, MSc .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom

    Stergios K Doumouchtsis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Raheem, A.A., Zoaier, A., El-Sherbiny, A. (2017). Childbirth and Lower Urinary Tract Complications. In: Doumouchtsis, S. (eds) Childbirth Trauma. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6711-2_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6711-2_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-6710-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-6711-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation