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Lung Development

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Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Intensive Care

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Abstract

The human capacity to oxygenate and ventilate requires a complex association between the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. As muscles of respiration inhale gas with a high fraction of oxygen, the heart pumps de-oxygenated blood throughout the pulmonary circulation allowing for the waste product, carbon dioxide, to be exchanged for oxygen. The morphogenesis of the pulmonary and cardiac systems are intimately connected through the pulmonary vasculature with highly complicated interactions between molecular mediators of mesenchyme and endodermal growth. Lung embryology can be divided into five major stages including the embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar stages. Throughout these stages, appropriate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis are vital components to effective cardiopulmonary interactions during ex-utero life. Disruptions in appropriate lung development, such as that seen in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Down syndrome (trisomy 21), or alveolar capillary dysplasia can lead to disordered gas exchange and complicate the course of a child with associated cardiac abnormalities. This chapter seeks to review normal lung and pulmonary vascular development, summarizes the molecular determinants of lung morphogenesis, and reviews common pathologies related to disordered lung development.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Douglas Bush

  2. Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA

    Steve H. Abman

  3. Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA

    Csaba Galambos

Authors
  1. Douglas Bush
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  2. Steve H. Abman
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  3. Csaba Galambos
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Douglas Bush .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Children’s Hospital Colorado University of Colorado Denver, School of, Aurora, CO, USA

    Eduardo M. da Cruz

  2. Children's Hospital Colorado University of Colorado School of Medicin, Aurora, CO, USA

    Dunbar Ivy

  3. Department of Cardiac Surgery, German Pediatric Heart Center, Sankt Augustin, Germany

    Viktor Hraska

  4. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA

    James Jaggers

Section Editor information

  1. Pediatric Cardiology, Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain

    Maria Clara Escobar-Diaz

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Bush, D., Abman, S.H., Galambos, C. (2022). Lung Development. In: da Cruz, E.M., Ivy, D., Hraska, V., Jaggers, J. (eds) Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Intensive Care. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4999-6_294-1

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