How to Read the Literature, Develop a Hypothesis, and Design an Experiment for Basic Science and Translational Research

Abstract

Once the broad research theme is chosen, the investigation begins. The first step is to develop a foundation of knowledge to be able to formulate meaningful questions within a focused area of study. Approaches to reviewing the literature effectively are presented, including search strategies and tips on how to critically assess original scientific articles. In addition, the mentor, an expert in the field, should assist in refining the thought processes and understanding of the background information before entering the next step in the research plan. Key questions for scientific inquiry are then formed. A hypothesis is subsequently developed, along with null and alternative hypotheses, which sets the stage for experimental design and execution of the planned experiments. One of the most important steps in designing experiments is the identification of the most appropriate model to address the hypothesis being tested and the method for analysis chosen. A basic overview is presented reviewing considerations on reading and evaluating the literature, developing a hypothesis, and designing an experiment to test the hypothesis for in vitro and animal studies. These elements are essential to an effective experimental design that will generate new data that is valid and can be replicated.