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Vitamin D: Normal Function, Metabolism, Diseases, and Emerging Therapeutics

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Bone-Metabolic Functions and Modulators

Part of the book series: Topics in Bone Biology ((TBB,volume 7))

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Abstract

Vitamin D is produced in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight). It is activated in two steps to function as a key regulator of mineral ion homeostasis. Vitamin D becomes bound to the vitamin D binding protein, DBP, in the circulation and is transported to the liver where the enzyme vitamin D 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1) adds a hydroxyl group on carbon 25 to produce 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. When the 25(OH)D metabolite enters the bloodstream, it also becomes bound to DBP. In the kidney, it is further hydroxylated, gaining hormonal bioactivity. Hydroxylation at position 1α by the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) converts 25(OH)D to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D; calcitriol], the active, hormonal form of vitamin D. Upon reaching target tissues, 1,25(OH)2D binds to its specific receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This step enhances or inhibits the transcription of vitamin D target genes that carry out the physiological actions of 1,25(OH)2D: mineral homeostasis, skeletal homeostasis, and cellular differentiation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    René St-Arnaud Ph.D.

  2. Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A6, Canada

    René St-Arnaud Ph.D.

  3. Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Their 11, 50 Blossom St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA

    Marie B. Demay M.D.

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  1. Health Center, Dept. Pharmacology, University of Connecticut, Farmington Ave. 263, Farmington, 06030-6125, Connecticut, USA

    Felix Bronner

  2. , Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biol, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, 77005, Texas, USA

    Mary C. Farach-Carson

  3. , General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom

    Helmtrud I. Roach

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St-Arnaud, R., Demay, M.B. (2012). Vitamin D: Normal Function, Metabolism, Diseases, and Emerging Therapeutics. In: Bronner, F., Farach-Carson, M., Roach, H. (eds) Bone-Metabolic Functions and Modulators. Topics in Bone Biology, vol 7. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2745-1_2

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