Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anesthesia for the Neonate: Neurosurgery and Ophthalmology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neonatal Anesthesia

  • 1988 Accesses

Abstract

Both major intracranial and intraocular procedures tend to be avoided wherever possible in neonates due to the technical difficulties of the surgery and high risk of surgical complications. Nevertheless, such surgery is not uncommon and it provides a great challenge for the paediatric anaesthetist. Lesser procedures, such as examination of the eye, are common and they too can present many challenges to the anaesthetist.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hill A. Intracranial pressure measurements in the newborn. Clin Perinatol. 1985;12(1):161–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wayenberg JL. Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure in neonates and infants: experience with the Rotterdam teletransducer. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1998;71:70–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. de Kieviet JF, Zoetebier L, van Elburg RM, et al. Brain development of very preterm and very low-birthweight children in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:313–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Settergren G, Lindblad BS, Persson B. Cerebral blood flow and exchange of oxygen, glucose ketone bodies, lactate, pyruvate and amino acids in anesthetized children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1980;69(4):457–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Greisen G. To autoregulate or not autoregulate – that is no longer the question. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2009;16:207–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Soul JS, Hammer PE, Tsuji M, et al. Fluctuating pressure-passivity is common in the cerebral circulation of sick premature infants. Pediatr Res. 2007;61:467–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Liem KD, Greisen G. Monitoring of cerebral haemodynamics in newborn infants. Early Hum Dev. 2010;86(3):155–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Tweed A, et al. Impairment of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in the newborn lamb by hypoxia. Pediatr Res. 1986;20(6):516–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tyszczuk L, Meek J, Elwell C, et al. Cerebral blood flow is independent of mean arterial blood pressure in preterm infants undergoing intensive care. Pediatrics. 1998;102:337–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Cayabyab R, McLean CW, Seri I. Definition of hypotension and assessment of hemodynamics in preterm neonate. J Perinatol. 2009;29 Suppl 2:S58–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Jayasinghie D, Gill AB, Levene M. CBF reactivity in hypotensive and normotensive preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2003;54:848–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ballabh P. Intraventricular haemorrhage in premature infants: mechanism of disease. Pediatr Res. 2010;67:1–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Alderliesten T, Lemmers PMA, Smarius JJM, et al. Cerebral oxygenation, extraction, and autoregulation in very preterm infants who develop peri-ventricular haemorrhage. J Pediatr. 2013;162:698–704.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ainslie PN, et al. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation and baroreflex sensitivity during modest and severe step changes in arterial PCO2. Brain Res. 2008;1230:115–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Yamashita N, Kamiya K, Nagai H. CO2 reactivity and autoregulation in fetal brain. Childs Nerv Syst. 1991;7(6):327–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Pilato MA, Bissonnette B, Lerman J. Transcranial Doppler: response of cerebral blood-flow velocity to carbon dioxide in anesthetized children. Can J Anaesth. 1991;38(1):37–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Muizelaar JP, et al. Pial arteriolar vessel diameter and CO2 reactivity during prolonged hyperventilation in the rabbit. J Neurosurg. 1988;69(6):923–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Todd MM. Cerebral blood flow during isovolemic hemodilution: mechanistic observations. Adv Pharmacol. 1994;31:595–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Vavilala MS, et al. Cerebral autoregulation before and after blood transfusion in a child. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2001;13(3):233–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Braun LD, Cornford EM, Oldendorf WH. Newborn rabbit blood-brain barrier is selectively permeable and differs substantially from the adult. J Neurochem. 1980;34(1):147–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. McCann ME, Soriano SG. Perioperative central nervous system injury in neonates. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109:i60–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nafiu OO, Voepel-Lewis T, Morris M, et al. How do pediatric anesthesiologists define intraoperative hypotension? Paediatr Anaesth. 2009;19:1048–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Loepke AW, Spaeth JP. Glucose and heart surgery: neonates are not just small adults. Anesthesiology. 2004;100(6):1339–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Vannucci RC, Yager JY. Glucose, lactic acid, and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Pediatr Neurol. 1992;8(1):3–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wong GT, et al. The effect of sevoflurane on cerebral autoregulation in young children as assessed by the transient hyperemic response. Anesth Analg. 2006;102(4):1051–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Schlunzen L, et al. Effects of dose-dependent levels of isoflurane on cerebral blood flow in healthy subjects studied using positron emission tomography. Acta Anesthesiol Scand. 2006;50(3):306–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the medical research council vitamin study. Lancet. 1991;338(8760):131–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Grosse SD, Collins JS. Folic acid supplementation and neural tube defect recurrence prevention. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2007;79(11):737–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Williams LJ, et al. Prevalence of spina bifida and anencephaly during the transition to mandatory folic acid fortification in the United States. Teratology. 2002;66(1):33–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bol KA, Collins JS, Kirby RS. Survival of infants with neural tube defects in the presence of folic acid fortification. Pediatrics. 2006;117(3):803–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Alexiou GA, Sfakianos G, Prodromou N. Diagnosis and management of cephaloceles. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21:1581–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mahajan C, Rath GP, Dash HH, Bithal PK. Perioperative management of children with encephalocele: an institutional experience. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2011;23:352–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mahapatra AK. Giant encephalocele: a study of 14 patients. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2011;47:406–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Leelanukrom R, Wacharasint P, Kaewanuchit A. Perioperative management for surgical correction of frontoethmoidal encephalomeningocele in children: a review of 102 cases. Pediatr Anesth. 2007;17:856–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Steward DJ. Preterm infants are more prone to complications following minor surgery than are term infants. Anesthesiology. 1982;56(4):304–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Robinson S. Neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus from prematurity: pathophysiology and current treatment concepts. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012;9:242–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Koksal V, Oktem S. Ventriculosubgaleal shunt procedure and its long-term outcomes in premature infants with post-hemorrhagic hyrodcephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;26:1505–15.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lasjaunias PL, et al. The management of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(5 Suppl 3):S184–94. discussion S3–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Frawley GP, et al. Clinical course and medical management of neonates with severe cardiac failure related to vein of Galen malformation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002;87(2):F144–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Isaacs Jr H. I. Perinatal brain tumors: a review of 250 cases. Pediatr Neurol. 2002;27(4):249–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Isaacs Jr H. II. Perinatal brain tumors: a review of 250 cases. Pediatr Neurol. 2002;27(5):333–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Engelhardt T, Crawford MW, Subramanyam R, Lerman J. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. In: Coté CJ, Lerman J, Anderson BA, editors. A practice of anesthesia for infants and children. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2013. Chap. 33.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Adzick NS, et al. A randomized trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11):993–1004.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Chisakuta AM, Mirakhur RK. Anticholinergic prophylaxis does not prevent emesis following strabismus surgery in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 1995;5(2):97–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hahnenkamp K, et al. Effect of different anesthetic regimes on the oculocardiac reflex during paediatric strabismus surgery. Paediatr Anaesth. 2000;10(6):601–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Preliminary results. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106(4):471–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Patz A, Hoeck L. Studies on the effect of high oxygen administration in retrolental fibroplasia. I. Nursery observations. Am J Ophthalmol. 1952;35:1248–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Rubaltelli DM, Hirose T. Retinopathy of prematurity update. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2008;48:225–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. SUPPORT Study Group of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Target ranges of oxygen saturation in extremely preterm infants. NEJM. 2010;362:1959–69.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Askie LM. Optimal oxygen saturations in preterm infants: a moving target. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2013;25:188–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Cavallaro G, Filippi L, Bagnoli P, et al. The pathophysiology of retinopathy of prematurity: an update of previous and recent knowledge. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92:2–20.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lee J, Dammann O. Perinatal infection, inflammation, and retinopathy of prematurity. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;17:26–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Markhoul IR, Peleg O, Miller B, et al. Oral propranolol versus placebo for retinopathy of prematurity: a pilot, randomised, double-blind prospective study. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98:565–7.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hartnett ME, Penn JS. Mechanisms and management of retinopathy of prematurity. NEJM. 2012;367:515–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Leaute-Labreze C, et al. Propranolol for severe hemangiomas of infancy. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2649–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bowman RJ, Cope J, Nischal KK. Ocular and systemic side effects of brimonidine 0.2 % eye drops (Alphagan) in children. Eye. 2004;18(1):24–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Anesthesia and Pain Management, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia

    Andrew J. Davidson MBBS, MD, FABZCA

  2. Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N3JH, UK

    Reema Nandi

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia

    Susan M. Carden MBBS, FRANZCO, FRACS, PhD

Authors
  1. Andrew J. Davidson MBBS, MD, FABZCA
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Reema Nandi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Susan M. Carden MBBS, FRANZCO, FRACS, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew J. Davidson MBBS, MD, FABZCA .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesia, Women & Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA

    Jerrold Lerman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Davidson, A.J., Nandi, R., Carden, S.M. (2015). Anesthesia for the Neonate: Neurosurgery and Ophthalmology. In: Lerman, J. (eds) Neonatal Anesthesia. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6041-2_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6041-2_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-6040-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-6041-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation