Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

P38

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Cancer Therapeutic Targets

  • 1861 Accesses

Abstract

Following stimulation of the relevant upstream receptors, MAPKs mediate intracellular signaling through sequential phosphorylation of substrates containing the consensus sequence Ser/Thr Pro, once the corresponding upstream MAPK kinases (MKKs) are activated. Eventually, the serial phosphorylation results in the phosphorylation and consequent activation of various transcription factors and induces a set of gene response(s) depending on the extracellular stimuli. p38 MAPK belongs to the family of MAPKs, which also includes extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERKs) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), which transduce the extracellular signals to achieve adequate gene responses depending on the stimuli (Lewis et al. 1998). The mammalian p38 consists of four isoforms (α, β, γ, and δ), which differ in their expression pattern and signaling pathways. p38α and β are ubiquitously expressed, whereas the remaining p38 isoforms are expressed in a more tissue-specific manner. p38 can be activated by a wide range of stresses and has major roles in inflammatory and immune signaling. Like some other stress signaling proteins, p38 has been shown to have tumor suppressor features in normal cells, but in some tumor cells pro-oncogenic-like signaling may be unmasked.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 649.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 949.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams RH, Porras A, Alonso G, Jones M, Vintersten K, Panelli S, Valladares A, Perez L, Klein R, Nebreda AR. Essential role of p38alpha MAP kinase in placental but not embryonic cardiovascular development. Mol Cell. 2000;6:109–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Estrada Y, Liu D, Ossowski L. ERK(MAPK) activity as a determinant of tumor growth and dormancy; regulation by p38(SAPK). Cancer Res. 2003;63:1684–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antoon JW, Bratton MR, Guillot LM, Wadsworth S, Salvo VA, Burow ME. Inhibition of p38-MAPK alters SRC coactivation and estrogen receptor phosphorylation. Cancer Biol Ther. 2012;13:1026–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bang J, Yamaguchi H, Durell SR, Appella E, Appella DH. A small molecular scaffold for selective inhibition of Wip1 phosphatase. ChemMedChem. 2008;3:230–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belova GI, Demidov ON, Fornace Jr AJ, Bulavin DV. Chemical inhibition of Wip1 phosphatase contributes to suppression of tumorigenesis. Cancer Biol Ther. 2005;4:1154–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bulavin D, Fornace Jr A. p38 MAP kinase’s emerging role as a tumor suppressor. Adv Cancer Res. 2004;92:95–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bulavin DV, Phillips C, Nannenga B, Timofeev O, Donehower LA, Anderson CW, Appella E, Fornace Jr AJ. Inactivation of the Wip1 phosphatase inhibits mammary tumorigenesis through p38 MAPK-mediated activation of the p16(Ink4a)-p19(Arf) pathway. Nat Genet. 2004;36:343–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell RM, Anderson BD, Chan EM, Dios AD, Gilmour R, Hatch SD, Jambrina E, Lee P, Mader M, Na S, Neubauer BL, Pratt S, Shih C, Stancato LF, Starling JJ, Velasco JA, Watkins SA, Wolos JA, Ye X. Characterization of LY2228820 dimesylate, a potent and selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK with antitumor activity. AACR-NCI-EORTC Int Conf. 2011;10:B235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiacchiera F, Matrone A, Ferrari E, Ingravallo G, Lo Sasso G, Murzilli S, Petruzzelli M, Salvatore L, Moschetta A, Simone C. p38alpha blockade inhibits colorectal cancer growth in vivo by inducing a switch from HIF1alpha- to FoxO-dependent transcription. Cell Death Differ. 2009;16:1203–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chock K, Allison JM, Elshamy WM. BRCA1-IRIS overexpression abrogates UV-induced p38MAPK/p53 and promotes proliferation of damaged cells. Oncogene. 2010;29:5274–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comes F, Matrone A, Lastella P, Nico B, Susca FC, Bagnulo R, Ingravallo G, Modica S, Lo Sasso G, Moschetta A, Guanti G, Simone C. A novel cell type-specific role of p38alpha in the control of autophagy and cell death in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Differ. 2007;14:693–702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coulthard LR, White DE, Jones DL, McDermott MF, Burchill SA. p38(MAPK): stress responses from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Trends Mol Med. 2009;15:369–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • DeBerardinis RJ, Lum JJ, Hatzivassiliou G, Thompson CB. The biology of cancer: metabolic reprogramming fuels cell growth and proliferation. Cell Metab. 2008;7:11–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frigo DE, Basu A, Nierth-Simpson EN, Weldon CB, Dugan CM, Elliott S, Collins-Burow BM, Salvo VA, Zhu Y, Melnik LI, Lopez GN, Kushner PJ, Curiel TJ, Rowan BG, McLachlan JA, Burow ME. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase stimulates estrogen-mediated transcription and proliferation through the phosphorylation and potentiation of the p160 coactivator glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20:971–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ge B, Gram H, Di Padova F, Huang B, New L, Ulevitch RJ, Luo Y, Han J. MAPKK-independent activation of p38alpha mediated by TAB1-dependent autophosphorylation of p38alpha. Science. 2002;295:1291–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goetz MP, Tolcher AW, Haluska P, Papadopoulos KP, Erlichman C, Beeram M, Lensing J, Rasco DW, Molina JR, Arcos R, SHI P, Kulanthaivel P, Pitou C, Mulle L, Chan EM, Patnaik A (2012) A first-in-human phase I study of the oral p38 MAPK inhibitor LY2228820 dimesylate in patients with advanced cancer. ASCO Annu Meet. 2012; 3001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorgoulis VG, Vassiliou LV, Karakaidos P, Zacharatos P, Kotsinas A, Liloglou T, Venere M, Ditullio Jr RA, Kastrinakis NG, Levy B, Kletsas D, Yoneta A, Herlyn M, Kittas C, Halazonetis TD. Activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and genomic instability in human precancerous lesions. Nature. 2005;434:907–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez MC, Detre S, Johnston S, Mohsin SK, Shou J, Allred DC, Schiff R, Osborne CK, Dowsett M. Molecular changes in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: relationship between estrogen receptor, HER-2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2469–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi R, Tanoue K, Durell SR, Chatterjee DK, Jenkins LM, Appella DH, Appella E. Optimization of a cyclic peptide inhibitor of Ser/Thr phosphatase PPM1D (Wip1). Biochemistry. 2011;50:4537–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hope HR, Anderson GD, Burnette BL, Compton RP, Devraj RV, Hirsch JL, Keith RH, Li X, Mbalaviele G, Messing DM, Saabye MJ, Schindler JF, Selness SR, Stillwell LI, Webb EG, Zhang J, Monahan JB. Anti-inflammatory properties of a novel N-phenyl pyridinone inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase: preclinical-to-clinical translation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;331:882–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hui L, Bakiri L, Stepniak E, Wagner EF. p38alpha: a suppressor of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Cell Cycle. 2007;6:2429–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iyoda K, Sasaki Y, Horimoto M, Toyama T, Yakushijin T, Sakakibara M, Takehara T, Fujimoto J, Hori M, Wands JR, Hayashi N. Involvement of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;97:3017–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Boehm J, Lee JC. p38 MAP kinases: key signalling molecules as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2:717–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar B, Koul S, Petersen J, Khandrika L, Hwa JS, Meacham RB, Wilson S, Koul HK. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-driven MAPKAPK2 regulates invasion of bladder cancer by modulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. Cancer Res. 2010;70:832–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwong J, Hong L, Liao R, Deng Q, Han J, Sun P. p38alpha and p38gamma mediate oncogenic ras-induced senescence through differential mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:11237–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lambros MB, Natrajan R, Geyer FC, Lopez-Garcia MA, Dedes KJ, Savage K, Lacroix-Triki M, Jones RL, Lord CJ, Linardopoulos S, Ashworth A, Reis-Filho JS. PPM1D gene amplification and overexpression in breast cancer: a qRT-PCR and chromogenic in situ hybridization study. Mod Pathol. 2010;23:1334–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee H, Bai W. Regulation of estrogen receptor nuclear export by ligand-induced and p38-mediated receptor phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22:5835–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MO, Lee HJ, Kim MA, Kim EK, Lee JH, Heo JH, Lee SH, Cho SH, Fornace Jr AJ, Jeong HC, Cha HJ. p16Ink4a suppression of lung adenocarcinoma by Bmi-1 in the presence of p38 activation. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:423–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JS, Park JR, Kwon OS, Kim H, Fornace Jr AJ, Cha HJ. Off-target response of a Wip1 chemical inhibitor in skin keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci. 2014;73:125–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis TS, Shapiro PS, Ahn NG. Signal transduction through MAP kinase cascades. Adv Cancer Res. 1998;74:49–139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li SP, Junttila MR, Han J, Kahari VM, Westermarck J. p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway suppresses cell survival by inducing dephosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase1,2. Cancer Res. 2003;63:3473–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liao Y, Hung MC. Regulation of the activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by Akt in cancer and adenoviral protein E1A-mediated sensitization to apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol. 2003;23:6836–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q, Hofmann PA. Protein phosphatase 2A-mediated cross-talk between p38 MAPK and ERK in apoptosis of cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;286:H2204–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu X, Nguyen TA, Moon SH, Darlington Y, Sommer M, Donehower LA. The type 2C phosphatase Wip1: an oncogenic regulator of tumor suppressor and DNA damage response pathways. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2008;27:123–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Massarweh S, Osborne CK, Creighton CJ, Qin L, Tsimelzon A, Huang S, Weiss H, Rimawi M, Schiff R. Tamoxifen resistance in breast tumors is driven by growth factor receptor signaling with repression of classic estrogen receptor genomic function. Cancer Res. 2008;68:826–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Medema JP. Cancer stem cells: the challenges ahead. Nat Cell Biol. 2013;15:338–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milone MR, Pucci B, Bruzzese F, Carbone C, Piro G, Costantini S, Capone F, Leone A, Di Gennaro E, Caraglia M, Budillon A. Acquired resistance to zoledronic acid and the parallel acquisition of an aggressive phenotype are mediated by p38-MAP kinase activation in prostate cancer cells. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e641.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nunes-Xavier C, Roma-Mateo C, Rios P, Tarrega C, Cejudo-Marin R, Tabernero L, Pulido R. Dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases as targets of cancer treatment. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2011;11:109–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson JM, Hallahan AR. p38 MAP kinase: a convergence point in cancer therapy. Trends Mol Med. 2004;10:125–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandolfi S, Montagnani V, Penachioni JY, Vinci MC, Olivito B, Borgognoni L, Stecca B. WIP1 phosphatase modulates the Hedgehog signaling by enhancing GLI1 function. Oncogene. 2013;32:4737–4747.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerance M, Quillard J, Chantoux F, Young J, Blondeau JP. High-level expression, activation, and subcellular localization of p38-MAP kinase in thyroid neoplasms. J Pathol. 2006;209:298–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rayter S, Elliott R, Travers J, Rowlands MG, Richardson TB, Boxall K, Jones K, Linardopoulos S, Workman P, Aherne W, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. A chemical inhibitor of PPM1D that selectively kills cells overexpressing PPM1D. Oncogene. 2008;27:1036–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salvador JM, Mittelstadt PR, Guszczynski T, Copeland TD, Yamaguchi H, Appella E, Fornace Jr AJ, Ashwell JD. Alternative p38 activation pathway mediated by T cell receptor-proximal tyrosine kinases. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:390–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Satoh N, Maniwa Y, Bermudez VP, Nishimura K, Nishio W, Yoshimura M, Okita Y, Ohbayashi C, Hurwitz J, Hayashi Y. Oncogenic phosphatase Wip1 is a novel prognostic marker for lung adenocarcinoma patient survival. Cancer Sci. 2011;102:1101–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shang X, Vasudevan SA, Yu Y, Ge N, Ludwig AD, Wesson CL, Wang K, Burlingame SM, Zhao YJ, Rao PH, Lu X, Russell HV, Okcu MF, Hicks MJ, Shohet JM, Donehower LA, Nuchtern JG, Yang J. Dual-specificity phosphatase 26 is a novel p53 phosphatase and inhibits p53 tumor suppressor functions in human neuroblastoma. Oncogene. 2010;29:4938–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon R, Richter J, Wagner U, Fijan A, Bruderer J, Schmid U, Ackermann D, Maurer R, Alund G, Knonagel H, Rist M, Wilber K, Anabitarte M, Hering F, Hardmeier T, Schonenberger A, Flury R, Jager P, Fehr JL, Schraml P, Moch H, Mihatsch MJ, Gasser T, Sauter G. High-throughput tissue microarray analysis of 3p25 (RAF1) and 8p12 (FGFR1) copy number alterations in urinary bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 2001;61:4514–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song M, Park JE, Park SG, do Lee H, Choi HK, Park BC, Ryu SE, Kim JH, Cho S. NSC-87877, inhibitor of SHP-1/2 PTPs, inhibits dual-specificity phosphatase 26 (DUSP26). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;381:491–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takekawa M, Adachi M, Nakahata A, Nakayama I, Itoh F, Tsukuda H, Taya Y, Imai K. p53-inducible wip1 phosphatase mediates a negative feedback regulation of p38 MAPK-p53 signaling in response to UV radiation. Embo J. 2000;19:6517–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura K, Sudo T, Senftleben U, Dadak AM, Johnson R, Karin M. Requirement for p38alpha in erythropoietin expression: a role for stress kinases in erythropoiesis. Cell. 2000;102:221–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan DS, Lambros MB, Rayter S, Natrajan R, Vatcheva R, Gao Q, Marchio C, Geyer FC, Savage K, Parry S, Fenwick K, Tamber N, Mackay A, Dexter T, Jameson C, McCluggage WG, Williams A, Graham A, Faratian D, El-Bahrawy M, Paige AJ, Gabra H, Gore ME, Zvelebil M, Lord CJ, Kaye SB, Ashworth A, Reis-Filho JS. PPM1D is a potential therapeutic target in ovarian clear cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:2269–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tate CM, Blosser W, Wyss L, Evans G, Xue Q, Pan Y, Stancato L. LY2228820 dimesylate, a selective inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, reduces angiogenic endothelial cord formation in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:6743–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Theillet C, Adelaide J, Louason G, Bonnet-Dorion F, Jacquemier J, Adnane J, Longy M, Katsaros D, Sismondi P, Gaudray P, et al. FGFRI and PLAT genes and DNA amplification at 8p12 in breast and ovarian cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1993;7:219–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsujita E, Taketomi A, Gion T, Kuroda Y, Endo K, Watanabe A, Nakashima H, Aishima S, Kohnoe S, Maehara Y. Suppressed MKP-1 is an independent predictor of outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 2005;69:342–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uzgare AR, Kaplan PJ, Greenberg NM. Differential expression and/or activation of P38MAPK, erk1/2, and jnk during the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. Prostate. 2003;55:128–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ventura J, Tenbaum S, Perdiguero E, Huth M, Guerra C, Barbacid M, Pasparakis M, Nebreda A. p38alpha MAP kinase is essential in lung stem and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Nat Genet. 2007;39:750–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wakeman D, Schneider JE, Liu J, Wandu WS, Erwin CR, Guo J, Stappenbeck TS, Warner BW. Deletion of p38-alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase within the intestinal epithelium promotes colon tumorigenesis. Surgery. 2012;152:286–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yagi H, Chuman Y, Kozakai Y, Imagawa T, Takahashi Y, Yoshimura F, Tanino K, Sakaguchi K. A small molecule inhibitor of p53-inducible protein phosphatase PPM1D. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012;22:729–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi H, Durell SR, Feng H, Bai Y, Anderson CW, Appella E. Development of a substrate-based cyclic phosphopeptide inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2Cdelta, Wip1. Biochemistry. 2006;45:13193–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ying H, Kimmelman AC, Lyssiotis CA, Hua S, Chu GC, Fletcher-Sananikone E, Locasale JW, Son J, Zhang H, Coloff JL, Yan H, Wang W, Chen S, Viale A, Zheng H, Paik JH, Lim C, Guimaraes AR, Martin ES, Chang J, Hezel AF, Perry SR, Hu J, Gan B, Xiao Y, Asara JM, Weissleder R, Wang YA, Chin L, Cantley LC, DePinho RA. Oncogenic Kras maintains pancreatic tumors through regulation of anabolic glucose metabolism. Cell. 2012;149:656–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshizuka N, Chen RM, Xu Z, Liao R, Hong L, Hu WY, Yu G, Han J, Chen L, Sun P. A novel function of p38-regulated/activated kinase in endothelial cell migration and tumor angiogenesis. Mol Cell Biol. 2012;32:606–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu E, Ahn Y, Jang S, Kim M, Yoon H, Gong G, Choi J. Overexpression of the wip1 gene abrogates the p38 MAPK/p53/Wip1 pathway and silences p16 expression in human breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007a;101:269–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu W, Imoto I, Inoue J, Onda M, Emi M, Inazawa J. A novel amplification target, DUSP26, promotes anaplastic thyroid cancer cell growth by inhibiting p38 MAPK activity. Oncogene. 2007b;26:1178–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao R, Raub TJ, Sawada GA, Kasper SC, Bacon JA, Bridges AS, Pollack GM. Breast cancer resistance protein interacts with various compounds in vitro, but plays a minor role in substrate efflux at the blood-brain barrier. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009;37:1251–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea

    Hyuk-Jin Cha

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA

    Albert J. Fornace Jr.

Authors
  1. Hyuk-Jin Cha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Albert J. Fornace Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Albert J. Fornace Jr. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Hematology & Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

    John L. Marshall

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this entry

Cite this entry

Cha, HJ., Fornace, A.J. (2017). P38. In: Marshall, J. (eds) Cancer Therapeutic Targets. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0717-2_85

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation