Skip to main content

Abstract

The term ‘employability’ is part of mainstream discourse about expected outcomes for higher education. The increased stress on the employability of their graduates has challenged colleges and universities to evaluate and prioritize the fit between education and training and the workplace. In this chapter, we explore how employability has influenced higher education policies and practices globally. We first review the definition for employability and discuss the related theoretical framework of human capital. We next examine employability of college graduates as an objective of the economic strategies of supranational, regional and national organizations. We then consider the knowledge, skills and attitudes that make a graduate in the 21st century employable and conclude with a review of how higher education institutions have responded to what is commonly referred to as the ‘employability agenda’.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Asian Development Bank (ADB) Improving transitions from school to university to workplace (Rep.) (2012, June). Retrieved December 5, 2014, from Asian Development Bank website: http://www.adb.org/publications/improving-transitions-school-university-workplace.

  • Association of African Universities (AAU) (2013) Transforming African Higher Education for Graduate Employability and Socio-Economic Development. Retrieved November 5, 2014, from http://www.aau.org/sites/default/files/announce/GC13%20Proceedings%20-%20final.pdf.

  • AUC Establishes Career Centers in National Universities. (2012) Retrieved December 5,2014, from http://www.aucegypt.edu/news/aucinthenews/Pages/ECDCCoverage.aspx.

  • Barrow, R., Behr, C., Deacy, S., Mchardy, F. and K. Tempest (2010) ‘Embedding employability into a classics curriculum: The classical civilisation bachelor of arts programme at Roehampton University’, Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 9(3), 339–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G. S. (1993) Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bikson, T. K. and S. Law (1994) Global preparedness and human resources (Rep.). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute on Education and Training.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bikson, T., Treverton, G. F., Moini, J. S. and G. Lindstrom (2003) New challenges for international leadership: Lessons from organizations with global missions (Rep.). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, J, Johnston, B, Little, B, Shah, T and A. Woodley (2001). The Employment of U.K. Graduates: Comparisons with Europe and Japan (London: CHERI/HEFCE).

    Google Scholar 

  • British Council (2014). Can Higher Education Solve Africa’s Job Crisis? Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/britishcouncil.uk2/files/graduate_employability_in_ssa_final-web.pdf.

  • Building American Skills Through Community Colleges (2014) Retrieved December 5, 2014, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/education/higher-education/building -american-skills-through-community-colleges.

  • Cai, Y. (2013) ‘Graduate employability: A conceptual framework for understanding employers’ perceptions’, Higher Education, 65(4), 457–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CEDEFOP (2014) Terminology of European Education and Training Policy (Luxembourg: European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training).

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. (2011, July) Law Schools May be Forced to Disclose Grads’ Job Prospects. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from http://www.calbarjournal.com/july2011/topheadlines/th7.aspx.

  • Deardorff, D. K. (2006) ‘Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization’, Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 241–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeWeert, E. (2011, December) Perspectives on Higher Education and the Labor Market (Rep.). Retrieved November 24, 2014, from Center for Higher Education Policy Studies website: http://www.utwente.nl/mb/cheps/publications/Publications%202011/C11EW158%20Final%20version%20Themarapport%20onderwijs%20-%20arbeidsmarkt.pdf.

  • Department of Work and Pensions (2004) U.K. National Action Plan for Employment (London: Department of Work and Pensions).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobbs, R., Madgavkar, A., Barton, D., Labaye, E., Manyika, J., Roxburgh, C., Madhav, S. (2012) The world at work: Jobs and skills for 3.5 billion people (Rep.). Retrieved November 5, 2014, from McKinsey Global Institute website: http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/employment_and_growth/the_world_at_work.

  • European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2014) Modernisation of Higher Education in Europe: Access, Retention and Employability 2014 (Rep.). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferns, S. (2012) Graduate Employability: Teaching Staff, Employer and Graduate Perceptions (Rep.). Retrieved December 5, 2014, from Australian Collaborative Education Network website: http://acen.edu.au/2012conference/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/84_Graduate-employability.pdf.

  • Fisher, K. (2014, November 13) The Employment Mismatch. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from http://chronicle.com/article/The-Employment-Mismatch/137625/#id=overview

  • Gibney, E. (2013, October 24) Robbins: 50 Years Later. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/features/robbins-50-years-later/2008287.article.

  • Gonzalez, J. and R. Wagenaar (2008) Universities’ contribution to the Bologna process (Rep.). Bilbao: La Universidad de Deusto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, L. (2001) ‘Defining and measuring employability’, Quality in Higher Education, 7(2), 97–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, L., Moon, S., Geall, V. and R. Bower (1997) Graduates’ Work: Organisational Change and Students’ Attributes (Birmingham: Centre for Research into Quality).

    Google Scholar 

  • Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) 2003. Performance indicators in higher education 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. Working Paper 59, Higher Education Funding Council for England, Bristol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillage, J. and Pollard, E. (1998) Employability: Developing a Framework for Policy Analysis. Research Report RR85, Department for Education and Employment. Retrieved October 15, 2014, from http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/resource/employability-developing-framework-policy-analysis.

  • Hunter, W. D., White, G. P. and G. C. Godbey (2006) ‘What does it mean to be globally competent?’ Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 267–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Intel Vietnam Scholars (n.d.) Retrieved December 3, 2014, from http://www.pdx.edu/cecs/intel-vietnam-scholars.

  • Justian, E. (2014, November 21) Global Internship Program Combats Youth Unemployment. Retrieved December 5, 2014, from http://www.triplepundit.com/2014/11/global-internship-program-combats-youth-unemployment/.

  • Kerr, C. (1963) The Uses of the University (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, P. and M. Yorke (2006) Employability: Judging and Communicating Achievements (Heslington, York: The Higher Education Academy).

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowledge@Wharton, Assessing Employability Is Disrupting India’s Higher Education Model (2014, December 12). Retrieved January 9, 2015 from http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/assessing-employability-disrupting-indiashigher-education-model/.

  • Kok, W. (2004) Facing the Challenge: The Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Employment (Lisbon: High Level Group).

    Google Scholar 

  • Latz, G. (2009). Cross-Border Capacity Building: Selected Examples of Portland State University’s Involvement in Tertiary Level Educational Reform in Vietnam. Retrieved November 20, 2014, from http://www.pdx.edu/sites/www.pdx.edu.eli/files/media_assets/ingle/Cross-Border%20Capacity%20Building%20in%20Vietnam.pdf.

  • Marcus, J. (2014, August) How to Educate Americans for Jobs? Ask the Germans, Employers Urge. Retrieved December 4, 2014, from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/educate-americans-jobs-ask-germans-employers-urge/.

  • Marope, P., Wells, P. J. and E. Hazelkorn (2013) Rankings and Accountability in Higher Education: Uses and Misuses (Paris: UNESCO).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, G., Williams, G. and S. Cranmer (2009) ‘Employability skills initiatives in higher education: What effects do they have on graduate labour market outcomes?’ Education Economics, 17(1), 1–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mcquaid, R. W. and C. Lindsay (2005) ‘The concept of employability’, Urban Studies, 42(2), 197–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moloney, J., Sowter, B. and D. Potts (2011) QS Global Employer Survey Report 2011: How Employers Value an International Study Experience. Retrieved December 4, 2014, from QS Intelligence Unit: http://content.qs.com/qs/qs-global-employer-survey-2011.pdf.

  • Morley, L. (2001) ‘Producing new workers: Quality, equality, and employability in higher education’, Quality in Higher Education, 7(2) 131–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mourshed, M., Farrell, D. and D. Barton (2012) Education to Employment: Designing a System that Works (McKinsey Center for Government).

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1996). Employment and Growth in the Knowledge Based Economy (Paris: OECD).

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1998). Human Capital: An International Comparison (Paris: OECD).

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2013). The State of Higher Education2013 (Paris: OECD).

    Google Scholar 

  • Playfoot, J. and R. Hall (2009, April) Effective Education for Employment: A Global Perspective. Retrieved December 5, 2014, from EdExcel: http://www.eee-edexcel.com/xstandard/docs/effective_education_for_employment_web_version.pdf.

  • Purcell, W. (2014, June 13) Employability is our job. Inside HigherEd, Retrieved January 9, 2015, from https://secure.timeshighereducation.co.uk/comment/opinion/employability-agenda-isnt-working/2002639.article.

  • Reinhard, K., Osburg, T. and R. Townsend (2008) ‘The sponsoring by industry of universities of cooperative education: a case study in Germany’, Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, 9(1), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarson, S. (2013, March 21) ‘The employability agenda isn’t working’, Times Higher Education. Retrieved January 9, 2014 from https://secure.timeshighereducation.co.uk/comment/opinion/employability-agenda-isnt-working/2002639.article.

  • Scottish Government (2011) Putting learners at the centre: Delivering our ambitions for post-16 education (Rep.). Edinburgh: The Scottish Government.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, Y. (2014, September 5) Universities and Employability: Preparing for the Demands of Work. Retrieved December 5, 2014, from http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20140904154515222.

  • Sharma, Y. (2013 January 6) A Focus on Skills Increasingly Links Higher Education with Employment. Retrieved December 4, 2014, from http://www.universityworldnewscom/article.php?story=20130103154436919.

  • Spitzberg, B. and Changnon, G. (2009) ‘Conceptualizing Intercultural Competence’, The SAGE Handbook of Intercultural Competence (pp. 2–52) (San Francisco, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, J. (1998) ‘The concept of capability and its importance in higher education’, in Stephenson J. and M. Yorke (eds) Capability and Quality in Higher Education (pp. 1–13) (London: Kogan Page).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stratford, M. and P. Fain (2014, May 28) Many Comments, Few Surprises. Retrieved December 3, 2014, from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/05/28/public-comments-flood-us-department-education-gainful-employment-proposal.

  • Supporting graduate employability: HEI practice in other countries (Rep. No. 40) (2011) London: Department for Business, Innovation, and Skills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillman, M. (2012) Employer Perspectives in International Education in the SAGE Handbook on International Higher Education (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tran, T. T. (2014) Graduate Employability in Vietnam: A Loose Relationship between Higher Education and the Employment Market (Hamburg: Anchor Academic Publishing).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tse, T., Esposito, M. and J. Chatzimarkakis (2013, July–September) ‘Demystifying youth unemployment’, World Economics, 14(3). Retrieved December 5, 2014, from http://institut-innovation-competitivite.eu/sites/default/files/demystifying_youth_unemployment_tse_esposito_chatzimarkakis_sept_2013_0.pdf.

  • Tuning USA (n.d.) Retrieved December 4, 2014, from http://www.iebcnow.org/OurWork/Tuning.aspx.

  • UN Youth Employment Network (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014, from http://www.yefafrica.org/about-us/youth-employment-network

  • Van Rooijen, M. (2011) ‘Transforming 21st century engagement: From work-integratedlearning (WIL) to learning-integrated work (LIW)’, Journal of Cooperative Education and Internships, 45(1), 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vedder, R. (2007) Over Invested and Overpriced: American Higher Education Today (Washington, DC: Center for College Affordability and Productivity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vedder, R., Denhart, C. and J. Robe (2013) ‘Why are recent graduates unemployed?’ University Enrollments and Labor-Market Realities (Washington, DC: Center for College Affordability and Productivity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman, A. and. N. H. Alromi (2007) The Employability Imperative: Schooling for Work as a National Project (New York: Nova Science Publishers).

    Google Scholar 

  • Working Group on Employability (2009) Report to Ministers, Bologna Conference, Leuven/Louvain-la Neuve 28–29 April. (Rep.). Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://www.ehea.info/Uploads/LEUVEN/2009_employability_WG_report.pdf.

  • World Bank (2011) Thailand Social Monitor: Towards a Competitive Higher Education System in a Global Economy (Washington, DC: World Bank).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. B. (2010) Employability and Skills in the U.K.: Redefining the Debate (London: London Chamber of Commerce).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yorke, M. and P. T. Knight (2006a) ‘Curricula for economic and social gain’, Higher Education, 51(4), 565–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yorke, M. and P. Knight (2006b) Embedding Employability into the Curriculum. (Heslington: The Higher Education Academy).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yorke, M. (2004) ‘Employability in the undergraduate curriculum: Some student perspectives’, European Journal of Education, 39(4), 409–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yorke, M. (2006) Employability and Higher Education: What It Is — and What It Is Not (Heslington: The Higher Education Academy).

    Google Scholar 

  • Youth Employment Network (2014) The Youth Employment Network. Retrieved December 3, 2014, from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/yen.

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2015 Cheryl A. Matherly and Martin J. Tillman

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Matherly, C.A., Tillman, M.J. (2015). Higher Education and the Employability Agenda. In: Huisman, J., de Boer, H., Dill, D.D., Souto-Otero, M. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Higher Education Policy and Governance. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-45617-5_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics