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Guidelines on Developmental Toxicity Tests: Brief Insights

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Teratogenicity Testing

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2753))

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Abstract

Developmental toxicology is a constantly evolving research field which needs to attend to a complex underlying regulatory network. In order to ensure human health and environmental safety, new substances have to be tested for toxic effects on reproduction and development, before being commercialized. Traditional in vivo mammalian models represent the intricacy of human development and provide more adequately an assessment of the interaction of chemical compounds with the reproductive system. However, in the last years, the directives are to reduce the use of vertebrate animals, promoting their use only as a last resort. Consequently, the interest on the development and validation of alternative tests, able to cover the various aspects of the reproductive cycle, has significantly increased. Reproductive toxicity is probably the most difficult endpoint to be replaced by alternative assays, since it should provide information on mechanism interactions essential for female and male fertility and also knowledge on the animal development during the first phases of its life cycle. This complexity explains the slow progress in implementing alternative models for reproductive toxicity safety assays. Alternative test models may be based on in vitro systems and nonmammalian animal models. Many biological processes have been successfully addressed using in vitro models, opening the possibility to study the interference of teratogenic compounds. Their validation and implementation have lagged behind, in part because of difficulties in establishing their predictability. Nevertheless, the advance toward the process of validation is crucial to replace and reduce the use of living animals. Based on the present state of the art, it is not probable that such testing strategies will completely replace the need to assess reproductive toxicity in vivo in the near future, but they will contribute to reduce animal tests and will provide important information. In this chapter, the approved guidelines for standard methods and alternative methods, according to their regulatory and scientific status, are enumerated and briefly described.

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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by Portuguese funds by FCT/MCTES—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, under the projects UIDB/04033/2020, UIDB/00772/2020, LA/P/0059/2020, and under the Scientific Employment Stimulus—Institutional Call—CEECINST/00127/2018 UTAD (Sofia Alves-Pimenta).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal

    Sofia Alves-Pimenta, Bruno Colaço & Carlos Venâncio

  2. Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal

    Sofia Alves-Pimenta & Bruno Colaço

  3. Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal

    Luís Félix, Paula A. Oliveira & Carlos Venâncio

  4. Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal

    Luís Félix, Paula A. Oliveira & Carlos Venâncio

  5. Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal

    Paula A. Oliveira

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    Luís Félix

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Alves-Pimenta, S., Félix, L., Colaço, B., Oliveira, P.A., Venâncio, C. (2024). Guidelines on Developmental Toxicity Tests: Brief Insights. In: Félix, L. (eds) Teratogenicity Testing. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2753. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_2

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