Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is a cellular mechanism for counteracting acute proteotoxic stress. In eukaryotes, transcriptional activation of the HSR is regulated by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). Activation of HSF1 induces the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) that function as molecular chaperones to fold and maintain the three-dimensional structure of misfolded proteins. The regulation of the degree and duration of the HSR is controlled by multiple biochemical mechanisms that include posttranslational modification of HSF1 and numerous protein–protein interactions. In this chapter, we describe a method to evaluate the activation and deactivation of the HSR at the transcriptional level using a short half-life luciferase reporter assay. This assay can be used to further characterize the HSR or as a screen for small molecule inducers, amplifiers, or repressors.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Murshid A, Eguchi T, Calderwood SK (2013) Stress proteins in aging and life span. Int J Hyperth 29(5):442–447
Prince TL, Lang BJ, Guerrero-Gimenez ME, Fernandez-Muñoz JM, Ackerman A, Calderwood SK (2020) HSF1: primary factor in molecular chaperone expression and a major contributor to cancer morbidity. Cell 9(4):1046
Lang BJ, Guerrero ME, Prince TL, Okusha Y, Bonorino C, Calderwood SK (2021) The functions and regulation of heat shock proteins; key orchestrators of proteostasis and the heat shock response. Arch Toxicol 95(6):1943–1970
Mendillo ML, Santagata S, Koeva M, Bell GW, Hu R, Tamimi RM, Fraenkel E, Ince TA, Whitesell L, Lindquist S (2012) HSF1 drives a transcriptional program distinct from heat shock to support highly malignant human cancers. Cell 150(3):549–562
Schmauder L, Sima S, Hadj AB, Cesar R, Richter K (2022) Binding of the HSF-1 DNA-binding domain to multimeric C. elegans consensus HSEs is guided by cooperative interactions. Sci Rep 12(1):1–19
Bunch H, Zheng X, Burkholder A, Dillon ST, Motola S, Birrane G, Ebmeier CC, Levine S, Fargo D, Hu G, Taatjes DJ (2014) TRIM28 regulates RNA polymerase II promoter-proximal pausing and pause release. Nat Struct Mol Biol 21(10):876–883
Vihervaara A, Mahat DB, Guertin MJ, Chu T, Danko CG, Lis JT, Sistonen L (2017) Transcriptional response to stress is pre-wired by promoter and enhancer architecture. Nat Commun 8(1):1–6
Kijima T, Prince TL, Tigue ML, Yim KH, Schwartz H, Beebe K, Lee S, Budzynski MA, Williams H, Trepel JB, Sistonen L (2018) HSP90 inhibitors disrupt a transient HSP90-HSF1 interaction and identify a noncanonical model of HSP90-mediated HSF1 regulation. Sci Rep 8(1):1–3
Kmiecik SW, Le Breton L, Mayer MP (2020) Feedback regulation of heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) activity by Hsp70-mediated trimer unzipping and dissociation from DNA. EMBO J 39(14):e104096
Pernet L, Faure V, Gilquin B, Dufour-Guérin S, Khochbin S, Vourc’h C (2014) HDAC6–ubiquitin interaction controls the duration of HSF1 activation after heat shock. Mol Biol Cell 25(25):4187–4194
Guettouche T, Boellmann F, Lane WS, Voellmy R (2005) Analysis of phosphorylation of human heat shock factor 1 in cells experiencing a stress. BMC Biochem 6(1):1–4
Neef DW, Jaeger AM, Gomez-Pastor R, Willmund F, Frydman J, Thiele DJ (2014) A direct regulatory interaction between chaperonin TRiC and stress-responsive transcription factor HSF1. Cell Rep 9(3):955–966
Kmiecik SW, Mayer MP (2021) Molecular mechanisms of heat shock factor 1 regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 47(3):218–234
Kmiecik SW, Drzewicka K, Melchior F, Mayer MP (2021) Heat shock transcription factor 1 is SUMOylated in the activated trimeric state. J Biol Chem 296:100324
Gomez-Pastor R, Burchfiel ET, Thiele DJ (2018) Regulation of heat shock transcription factors and their roles in physiology and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 19(1):4–19
Cyran AM, Zhitkovich A (2022) Heat shock proteins and HSF1 in cancer. Front Oncol 12:860320
Parsian AJ, Sheren JE, Tao TY, Goswami PC, Malyapa R, Van Rheeden R, Watson MS, Hunt CR (2000) The human Hsp70B gene at the HSPA7 locus of chromosome 1 is transcribed but non-functional. Biochim Biophys Acta 1494(1–2):201–205
Younis I, Berg M, Kaida D, Dittmar K, Wang C, Dreyfuss G (2010) Rapid-response splicing reporter screens identify differential regulators of constitutive and alternative splicing. Mol Cell Biol 30(7):1718–1728
West JD, Wang Y, Morano KA (2012) Small molecule activators of the heat shock response: chemical properties, molecular targets, and therapeutic promise. Chem Res Toxicol 25(10):2036–2053
Kurop MK, Huyen CM, Kelly JH, Blagg BS (2021) The heat shock response and small molecule regulators. Eur J Med Chem 226:113846
Kim D, Kim SH, Li GC (1999) Proteasome inhibitors MG132 and lactacystin hyperphosphorylate HSF1 and induce hsp70 and hsp27 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 254(1):264–268
Kijima T, Prince T, Neckers L, Koga F, Fujii Y (2019) Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1)-targeted anticancer therapeutics: overview of current preclinical progress. Expert Opin Ther Targets 23(5):369–377
Murshid A, Chou SD, Prince T, Zhang Y, Bharti A, Calderwood SK (2010) Protein kinase A binds and activates heat shock factor 1. PLoS One 5(11):e13830
Gibson DG, Young L, Chuang RY, Venter JC, Hutchison CA, Smith HO (2009) Enzymatic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases. Nat Methods 6(5):343–345
Zhang JH, Chung TD, Oldenburg KR (1999) A simple statistical parameter for use in evaluation and validation of high throughput screening assays. J Biomol Screen 4(2):67–73
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Ackerman, A., Kijima, T., Eguchi, T., Prince, T.L. (2023). Monitoring of the Heat Shock Response with a Real-Time Luciferase Reporter. In: Calderwood, S.K., Prince, T.L. (eds) Chaperones. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2693. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3342-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3342-7_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-3341-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-3342-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols