Abstract
Phytophthora species can be found in multiple substrates. Due to dormancy of resting structures and presence of faster-growing antagonists, direct isolation of Phytophthora can be difficult to achieve, and indirect baiting methods often reach higher isolation frequencies. In this chapter, different methodologies are described for sampling and for the successful isolation of Phytophthora species from natural ecosystems. Sampling methods for soil, roots, bark cankers, and waterbodies are described. Agar recipes and guidance on the selection of suitable tissue to perform direct isolations are provided. A range of different baiting techniques are described for isolation of Phytophthora from different substrates. Purification methods to obtain clean and non-mixed cultures and conservation methods for pure cultures are shown. Two pathogenicity test methods for soil infestation and for under-bark inoculation, respectively, are described in detail.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK (eds) (1996) Phytophthora diseases worldwide. APS Press, St. Paul
Jung T, Pérez-Sierra A, Durán A et al (2018a) Canker and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in natural and semi–natural ecosystems. Persoonia 40:182–220
Jung T, Blaschke H, Neumann P (1996) Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species from declining oak stands. Eur J For Pathol 26:253–272
Jung T, Colquhoun IJ, Hardy GESJ (2013) New insights into the survival strategy of the invasive soilborne pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi in different natural ecosystems in Western Australia. For Pathol 43:266–288
Jung T, Orlikowski L, Henricot B et al (2016) Widespread Phytophthora infestations in European nurseries put forest, semi-natural and horticultural ecosystems at high risk of Phytophthora diseases. For Pathol 46:134–163
Jung T, Chang TT, Bakonyi J et al (2017a) Diversity of Phytophthora species in natural ecosystems of Taiwan and association with disease symptoms. Plant Pathol 66:194–211
Jung T, Durán A, Sanfuentes von Stowasser E et al (2018b) Diversity of Phytophthora species in Valdivian rainforests and association with severe dieback symptoms. For Pathol 48:e12443
Jung T, La Spada F, Pane A et al (2019) Diversity and distribution of Phytophthora species in protected natural areas in Sicily. Forests 10:259
Jung T, Scanu B, Brasier CM et al (2020) A survey in natural forest ecosystems of Vietnam reveals high diversity of both new and described Phytophthora taxa including P. ramorum. Forests 11:93
Jung T (2009) Beech decline in Central Europe driven by the interaction between Phytophthora infections and climatic extremes. For Pathol 39:73–94
Pérez-Sierra A, López-García C, León M et al (2013) Previously unrecorded low temperature Phytophthora species associated with Quercus decline in a Mediterranean forest in Eastern Spain. For Pathol 43:331–339
Jung T, Hansen EM, Winton L et al (2002) Three new species of Phytophthora from European oak forests. Mycol Res 106:397–411
Brasier CM (1967) Physiology of reproduction in Phytophthora. PhD thesis, University of Hull, UK, 220 pp
Jung T, Blaschke M (2004) Phytophthora root and collar rot of alders in Bavaria: distribution, modes of spread and possible management strategies. Plant Pathol 53:197–208
Hong C, Richardson PA et al (2002) Comparison of membrane filters as a tool for isolating pythiaceous species from irrigation water. Phytopathology 92:610–616
Scibetta S, Schena L, Chimento A et al (2012) A molecular method to assess Phytophthora diversity in environmental samples. J Microbiol Methods 88:356–368
Català S, Pérez-Sierra A, Abad-Campos P (2015) The use of genus-specific amplicon pyrosequencing to assess Phytophthora species diversity using eDNA from soil and water in northern Spain. PLoS One 10:1–14
Jung T, Horta Jung M, Webber JF et al (2021) The destructive tree pathogen Phytophthora ramorum originates from the Laurosilva forests of East Asia. J Fungi (Basel) 7:226
Campbell WA (1949) A method of isolation Phytophthora cinnamomi directly from soil. Plant Dis Rep 33:134–135
Ribeiro OK (ed) (1978) A source book of the genus Phytophthora. Cramer, Vaduz
Corcobado T, Cech TL, Brandstetter M et al (2020) Decline of European beech in Austria: involvement of Phytophthora spp. and contributing biotic and abiotic factors. Forests 11:895
Hüberli D, Hardy GESJ, White D et al (2013) Fishing for Phytophthora from Western Australia’s waterways: a distribution and diversity survey. Australas Plant Pathol 42:251–260
Jung T, Blaschke H, Osswald W (2000) Involvement of soilborne Phytophthora species in Central European oak decline and the effect of site factors on the disease. Plant Pathol 49:706–718
Sleeth B (1945) Agar medium and technique for isolating Pythium free of bacteria. Phytopathology 35:1030–1031
Jung T, Horta Jung M, Scanu B et al (2017) Six new Phytophthora species from ITS Clade 7a including two sexually functional heterothallic hybrid species detected in natural ecosystems in Taiwan. Persoonia 38:100–135
Jönsson U, Jung T, Rosengren U et al (2003) Pathogenicity of Swedish isolates of Phytophthora quercina to Quercus robur in two different soils. New Phytol 158:355–364
Pérez-Sierra A, León M, Alvarez LA et al (2010) Outbreak of a new Phytophthora sp. associated with severe decline of almond trees in eastern Spain. Plant Dis 94:534–541
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund financing the Project Phytophthora Research Centre Reg. No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000453 and the Tree Health & Biosecurity Research Programme of the Science and Innovation Strategy for Forestry in Great Britain.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Pérez-Sierra, A., Jung, M.H., Jung, T. (2022). Survey and Monitoring of Phytophthora Species in Natural Ecosystems: Methods for Sampling, Isolation, Purification, Storage, and Pathogenicity Tests. In: Luchi, N. (eds) Plant Pathology. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2536. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2517-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2517-0_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2516-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2517-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols