Abstract
Antibodies produced by plasma cells are a major arm of adaptive immunity. Germinal center reactions that include germinal center B cells and follicular T cells are fundamental players for antibody production, particularly antigen specific antibodies. Here we describe multiple methods that we and others have developed to analyze the production of antigen-specific antibodies in mice, with protocols for assessing antibody affinity and antibody isotype. The detection of antigen-specific IgE in serum using a traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method is often problematic due to much higher amounts of IgG. Thus we provide a specialized protocol for the detection of antigen-specific IgE in serum using ELISA.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Victora GD, Nussenzweig MC (2012) Germinal centers. Annu Rev Immunol 30:429–457. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075032
Klein U, Dalla-Favera R (2008) Germinal centres: role in B-cell physiology and malignancy. Nat Rev Immunol 8:22–33
Sage PT, Sharpe AH (2016) T follicular regulatory cells. Immunol Rev 271:246–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12411
Crotty S (2011) Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH). Annu Rev Immunol 29:621–663. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101400
Vinuesa CG, Linterman MA, Yu D, MacLennan IC (2016) Follicular helper T cells. Annu Rev Immunol 34:335–368. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055605
Xie MM, Dent AL (2018) Unexpected help: follicular regulatory T cells in the germinal center. Front Immunol 9:1536. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01536
Vinuesa CG, Cook MC, Angelucci C, Athanasopoulos V, Rui L, Hill KM, Yu D, Domaschenz H, Whittle B, Lambe T, Roberts IS, Copley RR, Bell JI, Cornall RJ, Goodnow CC (2005) A RING-type ubiquitin ligase family member required to repress follicular helper T cells and autoimmunity. Nature 435:452–458. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03555
Linterman MA, Rigby RJ, Wong RK, Yu D, Brink R, Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL, Cook MC, Walters GD, Vinuesa CG (2009) Follicular helper T cells are required for systemic autoimmunity. J Exp Med 206:561–576. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20081886
Odegard JM, Marks BR, DiPlacido LD, Poholek AC, Kono DH, Dong C, Flavell RA, Craft J (2008) ICOS-dependent extrafollicular helper T cells elicit IgG production via IL-21 in systemic autoimmunity. J Exp Med 205:2873–2886. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080840
Wollenberg I, Agua-Doce A, Hernandez A, Almeida C, Oliveira VG, Faro J, Graca L (2011) Regulation of the germinal center reaction by Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T cells. J Immunol 187:4553–4560. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1101328
Linterman MA, Pierson W, Lee SK, Kallies A, Kawamoto S, Rayner TF, Srivastava M, Divekar DP, Beaton L, Hogan JJ, Fagarasan S, Liston A, Smith KG, Vinuesa CG (2011) Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T cells control the germinal center response. Nat Med 17:975–982. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2425
Chung Y, Tanaka S, Chu F, Nurieva RI, Martinez GJ, Rawal S, Wang YH, Lim H, Reynolds JM, Zhou XH, Fan HM, Liu ZM, Neelapu SS, Dong C (2011) Follicular regulatory T cells expressing Foxp3 and Bcl-6 suppress germinal center reactions. Nat Med 17:983–988. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2426
Wu H, Chen Y, Liu H, Xu LL, Teuscher P, Wang S, Lu S, Dent AL (2016) Follicular regulatory T cells repress cytokine production by follicular helper T cells and optimize IgG responses in mice. Eur J Immunol 46:1152–1161. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201546094
Wu H, Xie MM, Liu H, Dent AL (2016) Stat3 is important for follicular regulatory T cell differentiation. PLoS One 11:e0155040. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155040
Laidlaw BJ, Lu Y, Amezquita RA, Weinstein JS, Vander Heiden JA, Gupta NT, Kleinstein SH, Kaech SM, Craft J (2017) Interleukin-10 from CD4(+) follicular regulatory T cells promotes the germinal center response. Sci Immunol 2. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aan4767
Botta D, Fuller MJ, Marquez-Lago TT, Bachus H, Bradley JE, Weinmann AS, Zajac AJ, Randall TD, Lund FE, Leon B, Ballesteros-Tato A (2017) Dynamic regulation of T follicular regulatory cell responses by interleukin 2 during influenza infection. Nat Immunol 18:1249–1260. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3837
Fu W, Liu X, Lin X, Feng H, Sun L, Li S, Chen H, Tang H, Lu L, Jin W, Dong C (2018) Deficiency in T follicular regulatory cells promotes autoimmunity. J Exp Med 215:815–825. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20170901
Xie MM, Fang S, Chen Q, Liu H, Wan J, Dent AL (2019) Follicular regulatory T cells inhibit the development of granzyme B-expressing follicular helper T cells. JCI Insight 4. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.128076
Xie MM, Chen Q, Liu H, Yang K, Koh B, Wu H, Maleki SJ, Hurlburt BK, Cook-Mills J, Kaplan MH, Dent AL (2020) T follicular regulatory cells and IL-10 promote food antigen-specific IgE. J Clin Invest 130:3820–3832. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI132249
Heise N, Klein U (2017) Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation analysis using the 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl-acetyl (NP) system. Methods Mol Biol 1623:191–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7095-7_16
Machholz E, Mulder G, Ruiz C, Corning BF, Pritchett-Corning KR (2012) Manual restraint and common compound administration routes in mice and rats. J Vis Exp. https://doi.org/10.3791/2771
Acknowledgements
We thank Drs. Koji Iijima and Hirohita Kita (Mayo Clinic) for their help with the Ag-specific IgE protocol. We also thank Dr. Carola Vinuesa (Australian National University) and Dr. Stephanie Eisenbarth (Yale University) for helpful suggestions on food allergy induction protocols.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Xie, M.M., Dent, A.L. (2022). Assessing In Vivo T Cell-Dependent Antigen-Specific Antibody Responses. In: Graca, L. (eds) T-Follicular Helper Cells. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2380. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1736-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1736-6_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1735-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1736-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols