Abstract
Although antibodies have become the fastest-growing class of therapeutics on the market, it is still challenging to develop them for therapeutic applications, which often require these molecules to withstand stresses that are not present in vivo. We define developability as the likelihood of an antibody candidate with suitable functionality to be developed into a manufacturable, stable, safe, and effective drug that can be formulated to high concentrations while retaining a long shelf life. The implementation of reliable developability assessments from the early stages of antibody discovery enables flagging and deselection of potentially problematic candidates, while focussing available resources on the development of the most promising ones. Currently, however, thorough developability assessment requires multiple in vitro assays, which makes it labor intensive and time consuming to implement at early stages. Furthermore, accurate in vitro analysis at the early stage is compromised by the high number of potential candidates that are often prepared at low quantities and purity. Recent improvements in the performance of computational predictors of developability potential are beginning to change this scenario. Many computational methods only require the knowledge of the amino acid sequences and can be used to identify possible developability issues or to rank available candidates according to a range of biophysical properties. Here, we describe how the implementation of in silico tools into antibody discovery pipelines is increasingly offering time- and cost-effective alternatives to in vitro experimental screening, thus streamlining the drug development process. We discuss in particular the biophysical and biochemical properties that underpin developability potential and their trade-offs, review various in vitro assays to measure such properties or parameters that are predictive of developability, and give an overview of the growing number of in silico tools available to predict properties important for antibody development, including the CamSol method developed in our laboratory.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kaplon H, Muralidharan M, Schneider Z, Reichert JM (2020) Antibodies to watch in 2020. mAbs 12:1703531
Hernandez I, Bott SW, Patel AS, Wolf CG, Hospodar AR, Sampathkumar S, Shrank WH (2018) Pricing of monoclonal antibody therapies: higher if used for cancer? Am J Manag Care 24:109–112
Jarasch A, Koll H, Regula JT, Bader M, Papadimitriou A, Kettenberger H (2015) Developability assessment during the selection of novel therapeutic antibodies. J Pharm Sci 104:1885–1898
Igawa T, Ishii S, Tachibana T, Maeda A, Higuchi Y, Shimaoka S, Moriyama C, Watanabe T, Takubo R, Doi Y, Wakabayashi T, Hayasaka A, Kadono S, Miyazaki T, Haraya K, Sekimori Y, Kojima T, Nabuchi Y, Aso Y, Kawabe Y, Hattori K (2010) Antibody recycling by engineered pH-dependent antigen binding improves the duration of antigen neutralization. Nat Biotechnol 28:1203–1207
Rabia LA, Desai AA, Jhajj HS, Tessier PM (2018) Understanding and overcoming trade-offs between antibody affinity, specificity, stability and solubility. Biochem Eng J 137:365–374
Sormanni P, Aprile FA, Vendruscolo M (2018) Third generation antibody discovery methods: in silico rational design. Chem Soc Rev 47:9137–9157
Wolf Pérez A-M, Sormanni P, Andersen JS, Sakhnini LI, Rodriguez-Leon I, Bjelke JR, Gajhede AJ, De Maria L, Otzen DE, Vendruscolo M, Lorenzen N (2018) In vitro and in silico assessment of the developability of a designed monoclonal antibody library. mAbs 11(2):388–400
Jain T, Sun T, Durand S, Hall A, Houston NR, Nett JH, Sharkey B, Bobrowicz B, Caffry I, Yu Y, Cao Y, Lynaugh H, Brown M, Baruah H, Gray LT, Krauland EM, Xu Y, Vásquez M, Wittrup KD (2017) Biophysical properties of the clinical-stage antibody landscape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:944–949
Sharma VK, Patapoff TW, Kabakoff B, Pai S, Hilario E, Zhang B, Li C, Borisov O, Kelley RF, Chorny I, Zhou JZ, Dill KA, Swartz TE (2014) In silico selection of therapeutic antibodies for development: viscosity, clearance, and chemical stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:18601–18606
Raybould MIJ, Marks C, Krawczyk K, Taddese B, Nowak J, Lewis AP, Bujotzek A, Shi J, Deane CM (2019) Five computational developability guidelines for therapeutic antibody profiling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116:4025–4030
Pallarès I, Ventura S (2016) Understanding and predicting protein misfolding and aggregation: insights from proteomics. Proteomics 16:2570–2581
Van Durme J, De Baets G, Van Der Kant R, Ramakers M, Ganesan A, Wilkinson H, Gallardo R, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J (2016) Solubis: a webserver to reduce protein aggregation through mutation. Protein Eng Des Sel 29(8):285–289
Chennamsetty N, Voynov V, Kayser V, Helk B, Trout BL (2009) Design of therapeutic proteins with enhanced stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:11937–11942
Kuroda D, Shirai H, Jacobson MP, Nakamura H (2012) Computer-aided antibody design. Protein Eng Des Sel 25:507–521
Seeliger D, Schulz P, Litzenburger T, Spitz J, Hoerer S, Blech M, Enenkel B, Studts JM, Garidel P, Karow AR (2015) Boosting antibody developability through rational sequence optimization. MAbs 7(3):505–515
Tomar DS, Singh SK, Li L, Broulidakis MP, Kumar S (2018) In silico prediction of diffusion interaction parameter (kD), a key indicator of antibody solution behaviors. Pharm Res 35:193
Norman RA, Ambrosetti F, Bonvin AMJJ, Colwell LJ, Kelm S, Kumar S, Krawczyk K (2019) Computational approaches to therapeutic antibody design: established methods and emerging trends. Brief Bioinform 208:1673–1619
Shire SJ, Shahrokh Z, Liu J (2004) Challenges in the development of high protein concentration formulations. J Pharm Sci 93:1390–1402
Roberts CJ (2014) Protein aggregation and its impact on product quality. Curr Opin Biotechnol 30:211–217
Vázquez-Rey M, Lang DA (2011) Aggregates in monoclonal antibody manufacturing processes. Biotechnol Bioeng 108:1494–1508
Bee JS, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF, Bishop SM, Dimitrova MN (2011) Effects of surfaces and Leachables on the stability of biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 100:4158–4170
Rajan RS, Illing ME, Bence NF, Kopito RR (2001) Specificity in intracellular protein aggregation and inclusion body formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:13060–13065
Hober S, Nord K, Linhult M (2007) Protein a chromatography for antibody purification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 848:40–47
Roberts PL (2014) Virus elimination during the purification of monoclonal antibodies by column chromatography and additional steps. Biotechnol Prog 30:1341–1347
Yamniuk AP, Ditto N, Patel M, Dai J, Sejwal P, Stetsko P, Doyle ML (2013) Application of a kosmotrope-based solubility assay to multiple protein therapeutic classes indicates broad use as a high-throughput screen for protein therapeutic aggregation propensity. J Pharm Sci 102:2424–2439
Haverick M, Mengisen S, Shameem M, Ambrogelly A (2014) Separation of mAbs molecular variants by analytical hydrophobic interaction chromatography HPLC: overview and applications. mAbs 6:852–858
Pinholt C, Hartvig RA, Medlicott NJ, Jorgensen L (2011) The importance of interfaces in protein drug delivery—why is protein adsorption of interest in pharmaceutical formulations? Expert Opin Drug Deliv 8:949–964
Clarkson JR, Cui ZF, Darton RC (2000) Effect of solution conditions on protein damage in foam. Biochem Eng J 4:107–114
Smith C, Li Z, Holman R, Pan F, Campbell RA, Campana M, Li P, Webster JRP, Bishop S, Narwal R, Uddin S, van der Walle CF, Lu JR (2017) Antibody adsorption on the surface of water studied by neutron reflection. mAbs 9:466–475
Mahler H-C, Müller R, Friess W, Delille A, Matheus S (2005) Induction and analysis of aggregates in a liquid IgG1-antibody formulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 59:407–417
Liu L, Qi W, Schwartz DK, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF (2013) The effects of excipients on protein aggregation during agitation: an interfacial shear rheology study. J Pharm Sci 102:2460–2470
Jones LS, Kaufmann A, Middaugh CR (2005) Silicone oil induced aggregation of proteins. J Pharm Sci 94:918–927
Krayukhina E, Tsumoto K, Uchiyama S, Fukui K (2015) Effects of syringe material and silicone oil lubrication on the stability of pharmaceutical proteins. J Pharm Sci 104:527–535
Bee JS, Davis M, Freund E, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW (2010) Aggregation of a monoclonal antibody induced by adsorption to stainless steel. Biotechnol Bioeng 105:121–129
Hoehne M, Samuel F, Dong A, Wurth C, Mahler H-C, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW (2011) Adsorption of monoclonal antibodies to glass microparticles. J Pharm Sci 100:123–132
Frokjaer S, Otzen DE (2005) Protein drug stability: a formulation challenge. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4:298–306
Daugherty AL, Mrsny RJ (2006) Formulation and delivery issues for monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58:686–706
Bye JW, Platts L, Falconer RJ (2014) Biopharmaceutical liquid formulation: a review of the science of protein stability and solubility in aqueous environments. Biotechnol Lett 36:869–875
Richter WF, Bhansali SG, Morris ME (2012) Mechanistic determinants of biotherapeutics absorption following SC administration. AAPS J 14:559–570
Bee JS, Stevenson JL, Mehta B, Svitel J, Pollastrini J, Platz R, Freund E, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW (2009) Response of a concentrated monoclonal antibody formulation to high shear. Biotechnol Bioeng 103:936–943
Tyagi AK, Randolph TW, Dong A, Maloney KM, Hitscherich C, Carpenter JF (2009) IgG particle formation during filling pump operation: a case study of heterogeneous nucleation on stainless steel nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 98:94–104
Collins DS, Kourtis LC, Thyagarajapuram NR, Sirkar R, Kapur S, Harrison MW, Bryan DJ, Jones GB, Wright JM (2017) Optimizing the bioavailability of subcutaneously administered biotherapeutics through Mechanochemical drivers. Pharm Res 34:2000–2011
Roberts CJ (2014) Therapeutic protein aggregation: mechanisms, design, and control. Trends Biotechnol 32:372–380
Sydow JF, Lipsmeier F, Larraillet V, Hilger M, Mautz B, Mølhøj M, Kuentzer J, Klostermann S, Schoch J, Voelger HR, Regula JT, Cramer P, Papadimitriou A, Kettenberger H (2014) Structure-based prediction of asparagine and aspartate degradation sites in antibody variable regions. PLoS One 9:e100736
Lu X, Nobrega RP, Lynaugh H, Jain T, Barlow K, Boland T, Sivasubramanian A, Vásquez M, Xu Y (2018) Deamidation and isomerization liability analysis of 131 clinical-stage antibodies. mAbs 262:1–13
Adem YT, Molina P, Liu H, Patapoff TW, Sreedhara A, Esue O (2014) Hexyl glucoside and hexyl Maltoside inhibit light-induced oxidation of tryptophan. J Pharm Sci 103:409–416
Lam XM, Lai WG, Chan EK, Ling V, Hsu CC (2011) Site-specific tryptophan oxidation induced by autocatalytic reaction of Polysorbate 20 in protein formulation. Pharm Res 28:2543–2555
Torosantucci R, Mozziconacci O, Sharov V, Schöneich C, Jiskoot W (2012) Chemical modifications in aggregates of recombinant human insulin induced by metal-catalyzed oxidation: covalent cross-linking via Michael addition to tyrosine oxidation products. Pharm Res 29:2276–2293
Torosantucci R, Schöneich C, Jiskoot W (2014) Oxidation of therapeutic proteins and peptides: structural and biological consequences. Pharm Res 31:541–553
Ji JA, Zhang B, Cheng W, Wang YJ (2009) Methionine, tryptophan, and histidine oxidation in a model protein, PTH: mechanisms and stabilization. J Pharm Sci 98:4485–4500
Anraku M, Tsurusaki Y, Watanabe H, Maruyama T, Kragh-Hansen U, Otagiri M (2004) Stabilizing mechanisms in commercial albumin preparations: octanoate and N-acetyl-l-tryptophanate protect human serum albumin against heat and oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta 1702:9–17
Grebenau RC, Goldenberg DM, Chien-Hsing C, Koch GA, Gold DV, Kunz A, Hansen HJ (1992) Microheterogeneity of a purified IgG1, due to asymmetric fab glycosylation. Mol Immunol 29:751–758
Coloma MJ, Trinh RK, Martinez AR, Morrison SL (1999) Position effects of variable region carbohydrate on the affinity and in vivo behavior of an anti-(1→6) dextran antibody. J Immunol 162:2162–2170
Huang L, Biolsi S, Bales KR, Kuchibhotla U (2006) Impact of variable domain glycosylation on antibody clearance: an LC/MS characterization. Anal Biochem 349:197–207
Wang Y, Lu Q, Wu S-L, Karger BL, Hancock WS (2011) Characterization and comparison of disulfide linkages and scrambling patterns in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies - using LC-MS with electron transfer dissociation. Anal Chem 83:3133–3140
Dudgeon K, Rouet R, Kokmeijer I, Schofield P, Stolp J, Langley D, Stock D, Christ D (2012) General strategy for the generation of human antibody variable domains with increased aggregation resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:10879–10884
Perchiacca JM, Ladiwala ARA, Bhattacharya M, Tessier PM (2012) Aggregation-resistant domain antibodies engineered with charged mutations near the edges of the complementarity-determining regions. Protein Eng Des Sel 25:591–601
Perchiacca JM, Lee CC, Tessier PM (2014) Optimal charged mutations in the complementarity-determining regions that prevent domain antibody aggregation are dependent on the antibody scaffold. Protein Eng Des Sel 27:29–39
Perchiacca JM, Bhattacharya M, Tessier PM (2011) Mutational analysis of domain antibodies reveals aggregation hotspots within and near the complementarity determining regions. Proteins 79:2637–2647
Kayser V, Chennamsetty N, Voynov V, Helk B, Trout BL (2011) Conformational stability and aggregation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies studied with ANS and thioflavin T binding. mAbs 3:408–411
Kowalski JM, Parekh RN, Mao J, Wittrup KD (1998) Protein folding stability can determine the efficiency of escape from endoplasmic reticulum quality control. J Biol Chem 273:19453–19458
Kowalski JM, Parekh RN, Wittrup KD (1998) Secretion efficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor mutants lacking disulfide bonds is correlated with thermodynamic stability. Biochemistry 37:1264–1273
Sormanni P, Vendruscolo M (2019) Protein solubility predictions using the CamSol method in the study of protein homeostasis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 11(12):a033845
Moussa EM, Panchal JP, Moorthy BS, Blum JS, Joubert MK, Narhi LO, Topp EM (2016) Immunogenicity of therapeutic protein aggregates. J Pharm Sci 105:417–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.002
De Groot AS, Scott DW (2007) Immunogenicity of protein therapeutics. Trends Immunol 28:482–490
Hansel TT, Kropshofer H, Singer T, Mitchell JA, George AJT (2010) The safety and side effects of monoclonal antibodies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9:325–338
Carpenter JF, Randolph TW, Jiskoot W, Crommelin DJA, Middaugh CR, Winter G, Fan Y-X, Kirshner S, Verthelyi D, Kozlowski S, Clouse KA, Swann PG, Rosenberg A, Cherney B (2009) Overlooking subvisible particles in therapeutic protein products: gaps that may compromise product quality. J Pharm Sci 98:1201–1205
Singh SK, Afonina N, Awwad M, Bechtold-Peters K, Blue JT, Chou D, Cromwell M, Krause H-J, Mahler H-C, Meyer BK, Narhi L, Nesta DP, Spitznagel T (2010) An industry perspective on the monitoring of subvisible particles as a quality attribute for protein therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 99:3302–3321
Wang W, Singh S, Zeng DL, King K, Nema S (2007) Antibody structure, instability, and formulation. J Pharm Sci 96:1–26
Lazar KL, Patapoff TW, Sharma VK (2010) Cold denaturation of monoclonal antibodies. mAbs 2:42–52
Temel DB, Landsman P, Brader ML (2016) Orthogonal methods for characterizing the unfolding of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. In: Methods in Enzymology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 359–389
Dobson CM (2003) Protein folding and misfolding. Nature 426:884–890
Kazlauskas R (2018) Engineering more stable proteins. Chem Soc Rev 47:9026–9045
Manning MC, Chou DK, Murphy BM, Payne RW, Katayama DS (2010) Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update. Pharm Res 27:544–575
Trevino SR, Scholtz JM, Pace CN (2008) Measuring and increasing protein solubility. J Pharm Sci 97:4155–4166
Pindrus M, Shire SJ, Kelley RF, Demeule B, Wong R, Xu Y, Yadav S (2015) Solubility challenges in high concentration monoclonal antibody formulations: relationship with amino acid sequence and intermolecular interactions. Mol Pharm 12:3896–3907
Kanai S, Liu J, Patapoff TW, Shire SJ (2008) Reversible self-association of a concentrated monoclonal antibody solution mediated by Fab-Fab interaction that impacts solution viscosity. J Pharm Sci 97:4219–4227
Wu S-J, Gilliland GL, Feng Y (2014) Solubility and early assessment of stability for protein therapeutics. In: Biophysical methods for biotherapeutics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Hoboken, New Jersey, pp 65–91
Gibson TJ, Mccarty K, McFadyen IJ, Cash E, Dalmonte P, Hinds KD, Dinerman AA, Alvarez JC, Volkin DB (2011) Application of a high-throughput screening procedure with PEG-induced precipitation to compare relative protein solubility during formulation development with IgG1 monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Sci 100:1009–1021
Toprani VM, Joshi SB, Kueltzo LA, Schwartz RM, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB (2016) A micro–polyethylene glycol precipitation assay as a relative solubility screening tool for monoclonal antibody design and formulation development. J Pharm Sci 105:2319–2327
Nicoud L, Owczarz M, Arosio P, Morbidelli M (2015) A multiscale view of therapeutic protein aggregation: a colloid science perspective. Biotechnol J 10:367–378
Mahler H-C, Friess W, Grauschopf U, Kiese S (2009) Protein aggregation: pathways, induction factors and analysis. J Pharm Sci 98:2909–2934
Arora J, Hu Y, Esfandiary R, Sathish HA, Bishop SM, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB, Weis DD (2016) Charge-mediated fab-fc interactions in an IgG1 antibody induce reversible self-association, cluster formation, and elevated viscosity. mAbs 8:1561–1574
Kumar V, Dixit N, Zhou LL, Fraunhofer W (2011) Impact of short range hydrophobic interactions and long range electrostatic forces on the aggregation kinetics of a monoclonal antibody and a dual-variable domain immunoglobulin at low and high concentrations. Int J Pharm 421:82–93
Liu J, Nguyen MDH, Andya JD, Shire SJ (2005) Reversible self-association increases the viscosity of a concentrated monoclonal antibody in aqueous solution. J Pharm Sci 94:1928–1940
Alam ME, Geng SB, Bender C, Ludwig SD, Linden L, Hoet R, Tessier PM (2018) Biophysical and sequence-based methods for identifying monovalent and bivalent antibodies with high colloidal stability. Mol Pharm 15:150–163
Tiller KE, Li L, Kumar S, Julian MC, Garde S, Tessier PM (2017) Arginine mutations in antibody complementarity-determining regions display context-dependent affinity/specificity trade-offs. J Biol Chem 292:16638
Chennamsetty N, Voynov V, Kayser V, Helk B, Trout BL (2010) Prediction of aggregation prone regions of therapeutic proteins. J Phys Chem B 114:6614–6624
Lauer TM, Agrawal NJ, Chennamsetty N, Egodage K, Helk B, Trout BL (2012) Developability index: a rapid in silico tool for the screening of antibody aggregation propensity. J Pharm Sci 101:102–115
Jain T, Boland T, Lilov A, Burnina I, Brown M, Xu Y, Vásquez M (2017) Prediction of delayed retention of antibodies in hydrophobic interaction chromatography from sequence using machine learning. Bioinformatics 33:3758–3766
Lawrence MS, Phillips KJ, Liu DR (2007) Supercharging proteins can impart unusual resilience. J Am Chem Soc 129:10110–10112
Miklos AE, Kluwe C, Der BS, Pai S, Sircar A, Hughes RA, Berrondo M, Xu J, Codrea V, Buckley PE, Calm AM, Welsh HS, Warner CR, Zacharko MA, Carney JP, Gray JJ, Georgiou G, Kuhlman B, Ellington AD (2012) Structure-based design of supercharged, highly thermoresistant antibodies. Chem Biol 19:449–455
Trevino SR, Scholtz JM, Pace CN (2007) Amino acid contribution to protein solubility: asp, Glu, and Ser contribute more favorably than the other hydrophilic amino acids in RNase Sa. J Mol Biol 366:449–460
Yadav S, Shire SJ, Kalonia DS (2012) Viscosity behavior of high-concentration monoclonal antibody solutions: correlation with interaction parameter and electroviscous effects. J Pharm Sci 101:998–1011
Jain D, Salunke DM (2019) Antibody specificity and promiscuity. Biochem J 476:433–447
Xu Y, Roach W, Sun T, Jain T, Prinz B, Yu T-Y, Torrey J, Thomas J, Bobrowicz P, Vásquez M, Wittrup KD, Krauland E (2013) Addressing polyspecificity of antibodies selected from an in vitro yeast presentation system: a FACS-based, high-throughput selection and analytical tool. Protein Eng Des Sel 26:663–670
Hötzel I, Theil F-P, Bernstein LJ, Prabhu S, Deng R, Quintana L, Lutman J, Sibia R, Chan P, Bumbaca D, Fielder P, Carter PJ, Kelley RF (2012) A strategy for risk mitigation of antibodies with fast clearance. mAbs 4:753–760
Vugmeyster Y, Guay H, Szklut P, Qian MD, Jin M, Widom A, Spaulding V, Bennett F, Lowe L, Andreyeva T, Lowe D, Lane S, Thom G, Valge-Archer V, Gill D, Young D, Bloom L (2010) In vitro potency, pharmacokinetic profiles and pharmacological activity of optimized anti-IL-21R antibodies in a mouse model of lupus. mAbs 2:335–346
Wu H, Pfarr DS, Johnson S, Brewah YA, Woods RM, Patel NK, White WI, Young JF, Kiener PA (2007) Development of Motavizumab, an ultra-potent antibody for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the upper and lower respiratory tract. J Mol Biol 368:652–665
Geng SB, Wittekind M, Vigil A, Tessier PM (2016) Measurements of monoclonal antibody self-association are correlated with complex biophysical properties. Mol Pharm 13:1636–1645
Wardemann H, Yurasov S, Schaefer A, Young JW, Meffre E, Nussenzweig MC (2003) Predominant autoantibody production by early human B cell precursors. Science 301:1374–1377
Warszawski S, Katz AB, Lipsh R, Khmelnitsky L, Nissan GB, Javitt G, Dym O, Unger T, Knop O, Albeck S, Diskin R, Fass D, Sharon M, Fleishman SJ (2019) Optimizing antibody affinity and stability by the automated design of the variable light-heavy chain interfaces. PLoS Comput Biol 15:e1007207
Spencer S, Bethea D, Raju TS, Giles-Komar J, Feng Y (2012) Solubility evaluation of murine hybridoma antibodies. mAbs 4:319–325
Burkovitz A, Sela-Culang I, Ofran Y (2014) Large-scale analysis of somatic hypermutations in antibodies reveals which structural regions, positions and amino acids are modified to improve affinity. FEBS J 281:306–319
Pepinsky RB, Silvian L, Berkowitz SA, Farrington G, Lugovskoy A, Walus L, Eldredge J, Capili A, Mi S, Graff C, Garber E (2010) Improving the solubility of anti-LINGO-1 monoclonal antibody Li33 by isotype switching and targeted mutagenesis. Protein Sci 19:954–966
Wu S-J, Luo J, O’Neil KT, Kang J, Lacy ER, Canziani G, Baker A, Huang M, Tang QM, Raju TS, Jacobs SA, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL, Feng Y (2010) Structure-based engineering of a monoclonal antibody for improved solubility. Protein Eng Des Sel 23:643–651
Avery LB, Wade J, Wang M, Tam A, King A, Piche-Nicholas N, Kavosi MS, Penn S, Cirelli D, Kurz JC, Zhang M, Cunningham O, Jones R, Fennell BJ, McDonnell B, Sakorafas P, Apgar J, Finlay WJ, Lin L, Bloom L, O’Hara DM (2018) Establishing in vitro in vivo correlations to screen monoclonal antibodies for physicochemical properties related to favorable human pharmacokinetics. mAbs 10:244–255
Finlay WJJ, Coleman JE, Edwards JS, Johnson KS (2019) Anti-PD1 ‘SHR-1210′ aberrantly targets pro-angiogenic receptors and this polyspecificity can be ablated by paratope refinement. mAbs 11:26–44
Ratanji KD, Derrick JP, Dearman RJ, Kimber I (2014) Immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins: influence of aggregation. J Immunotoxicol 11:99–109
Nelson AL, Dhimolea E, Reichert JM (2010) Development trends for human monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9:767–774
Lonberg N, Taylor LD, Harding FA, Trounstine M, Higgins KM, Schramm SR, Kuo CC, Mashayekh R, Wymore K, McCabe JG (1994) Antigen-specific human antibodies from mice comprising four distinct genetic modifications. Nature 368:856–859
Jakobovits A, Amado RG, Yang X, Roskos L, Schwab G (2007) From XenoMouse technology to panitumumab, the first fully human antibody product from transgenic mice. Nat Biotechnol 25:1134–1143
Ponsel D, Neugebauer J, Ladetzki-Baehs K, Tissot K (2011) High affinity, developability and functional size: the holy grail of combinatorial antibody library generation. Molecules 16:3675–3700
Winter G, Griffiths AD, Hawkins RE, Hoogenboom HR (1994) Making antibodies by phage display technology. Annu Rev Immunol 12:433–455
Smith GP, Petrenko VA (1997) Phage display. Chem Rev 97:391–410
Bradbury ARM, Sidhu S, Dübel S, McCafferty J (2011) Beyond natural antibodies: the power of in vitro display technologies. Nat Biotechnol 29:245–254
Macdougall IC (2005) Antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia (PRCA): epidemiology, immunogenicity and risks. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20(Suppl 4):iv9–iv15
Anfinsen CB (1972) The formation and stabilization of protein structure. Biochem J 128:737–749
Knowles TPJ, Waudby CA, Devlin GL, Cohen SIA, Aguzzi A, Vendruscolo M, Terentjev EM, Welland ME, Dobson CM (2009) An analytical solution to the kinetics of breakable filament assembly. Science 326:1533–1537
Fersht AR (1999) Structure and mechanism in protein science. Macmillan, New York City
Vendruscolo M, Paci E, Dobson CM, Karplus M (2001) Three key residues form a critical contact network in a protein folding transition state. Nature 409:641–645
Broom A, Jacobi Z, Trainor K, Meiering EM (2017) Computational tools help improve protein stability but with a solubility tradeoff. J Biol Chem 292:14349–14361
Goldenzweig A, Fleishman S (2018) Principles of protein stability and their application in computational design. Annu Rev Biochem 87:annurev-biochem-062917-012102
Espargarό A, Castillo V, de Groot NS, Ventura S (2008) The in vivo and in vitro aggregation properties of globular proteins correlate with their conformational stability: the SH3 case. J Mol Biol 378:1116–1131
Thakkar SV, Sahni N, Joshi SB, Kerwin BA, He F, Volkin DB, Middaugh CR (2013) Understanding the relevance of local conformational stability and dynamics to the aggregation propensity of an IgG1 and IgG2 monoclonal antibodies. Protein Sci 22:1295–1305
Trainor K, Gingras Z, Shillingford C, Malakian H, Gosselin M, Lipovšek D, Meiering EM (2016) Ensemble modeling and intracellular aggregation of an engineered immunoglobulin-like domain. J Mol Biol 428:1365–1374
Stenvang M, Schafer NP, Malmos KG, Pérez A-MW, Niembro O, Sormanni P, Basaiawmoit RV, Christiansen G, Andreasen M, Otzen DE (2018) Corneal dystrophy mutations drive pathogenesis by targeting TGFBIp stability and solubility in a latent amyloid-forming domain. J Mol Biol 430:1116–1140
Sormanni P, Amery L, Ekizoglou S, Vendruscolo M, Popovic B (2017) Rapid and accurate in silico solubility screening of a monoclonal antibody library. Sci Rep 7:8200
Julian MC, Lee CC, Tiller KE, Rabia LA, Day EK, Schick AJ, Tessier PM (2015) Co-evolution of affinity and stability of grafted amyloid-motif domain antibodies. Protein Eng Des Sel 28:339–350
Julian MC, Li L, Garde S, Wilen R, Tessier PM (2017) Efficient affinity maturation of antibody variable domains requires co-selection of compensatory mutations to maintain thermodynamic stability. Sci Rep 7:45259
Nguyen MN, Pradhan MR, Verma C, Zhong P (2017) The interfacial character of antibody paratopes: analysis of antibody-antigen structures. Bioinformatics 33:2971–2976
Kelly RL, Le D, Zhao J, Wittrup KD (2018) Reduction of nonspecificity motifs in synthetic antibody libraries. J Mol Biol 430:119–130
Peng H-P, Lee KH, Jian J-W, Yang A-S (2014) Origins of specificity and affinity in antibody-protein interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:E2656–E2665
Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H (2019) Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. mAbs 11:239–264
Zurdo J, Arnell A, Obrezanova O, Smith N, Gómez de la Cuesta R, Gallagher TRA, Michael R, Stallwood Y, Ekblad C, Abrahmsén L, Höidén-Guthenberg I (2015) Early Implementation of QbD in Biopharmaceutical Development: A Practical Example. Biomed Res Int 2015:605427
Norman RA, Ambrosetti F, Bonvin AMJJ, Colwell LJ, Kelm S, Kumar S, Krawczyk K (2020) Computational approaches to therapeutic antibody design: established methods and emerging trends. Brief Bioinform 21(5):1549–1567
Greenfield NJ (2006) Using circular dichroism spectra to estimate protein secondary structure. Nat Protoc 1:2876–2890
Baker MJ, Trevisan J, Bassan P, Bhargava R, Butler HJ, Dorling KM, Fielden PR, Fogarty SW, Fullwood NJ, Heys KA, Hughes C, Lasch P, Martin-Hirsch PL, Obinaju B, Sockalingum GD, Sulé-Suso J, Strong RJ, Walsh MJ, Wood BR, Gardner P, Martin FL (2014) Using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy to analyze biological materials. Nat Protoc 9:1771–1791
Filipe V, Hawe A, Carpenter JF, Jiskoot W (2013) Analytical approaches to assess the degradation of therapeutic proteins. Trac-Trend Anal Chem 49:118–125
Ranjbar B, Gill P (2009) Circular dichroism techniques: biomolecular and Nanostructural analyses- a review. Chem Biol Drug Des 74:101–120
Fiedler S, Cole L, Keller S (2013) Automated circular dichroism spectroscopy for medium-throughput analysis of protein conformation. Anal Chem 85:1868–1872
Schermeyer M-T, Wöll AK, Kokke B, Eppink M, Hubbuch J (2017) Characterization of highly concentrated antibody solution - a toolbox for the description of protein long-term solution stability. mAbs 9:1169–1185
Vivian JT, Callis PR (2001) Mechanisms of tryptophan fluorescence shifts in proteins. Biophys J 80:2093–2109
Saluja A, Kalonia DS (2008) Nature and consequences of protein-protein interactions in high protein concentration solutions. Int J Pharm 358:1–15
Curtis RA, Prausnitz JM, Blanch HW (1998) Protein-protein and protein-salt interactions in aqueous protein solutions containing concentrated electrolytes. Biotechnol Bioeng 57:11–21
Saito S, Hasegawa J, Kobayashi N, Kishi N, Uchiyama S, Fukui K (2012) Behavior of monoclonal antibodies: relation between the second virial coefficient (B2) at low concentrations and aggregation propensity and viscosity at high concentrations. Pharm Res 29:397–410
Blanco MA, Perevozchikova T, Martorana V, Manno M, Roberts CJ (2014) Protein–protein interactions in dilute to concentrated solutions: α-Chymotrypsinogen in acidic conditions. J Phys Chem B 118:5817–5831
Ruppert S, Sandler SI, Lenhoff AM (2001) Correlation between the osmotic second virial coefficient and the solubility of proteins. Biotechnol Prog 17:182–187
Le Brun V, Friess W, Bassarab S, Mühlau S, Garidel P (2010) A critical evaluation of self-interaction chromatography as a predictive tool for the assessment of protein–protein interactions in protein formulation development: a case study of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 75:16–25
Haas C, Drenth J, Wilson WW (1999) Relation between the solubility of proteins in aqueous solutions and the second virial coefficient of the solution. J Phys Chem B 103:2808–2811
Connolly BD, Petry C, Yadav S, Demeule B, Ciaccio N, Moore JMR, Shire SJ, Gokarn YR (2012) Weak interactions govern the viscosity of concentrated antibody solutions: high-throughput analysis using the diffusion interaction parameter. Biophys J 103:69–78
Harding SE, Johnson P (1985) The concentration-dependence of macromolecular parameters. Biochem J 231:543–547
Saluja A, Badkar AV, Zeng DL, Nema S, Kalonia DS (2007) Ultrasonic storage modulus as a novel parameter for analyzing protein-protein interactions in high protein concentration solutions: correlation with static and dynamic light scattering measurements. Biophys J 92:234–244
He F, Woods CE, Becker GW, Narhi LO, Razinkov VI (2011) High-throughput assessment of thermal and colloidal stability parameters for monoclonal antibody formulations. J Pharm Sci 100:5126–5141
Yadav S, Shire SJ, Kalonia DS (2010) Factors affecting the viscosity in high concentration solutions of different monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Sci 99:4812–4829
Schein CH (1990) Solubility as a function of protein structure and solvent components. Biotechnology 8:308–317
Tomar DS, Kumar S, Singh SK, Goswami S, Li L (2016) Molecular basis of high viscosity in concentrated antibody solutions: strategies for high concentration drug product development. mAbs 8:216–228
Wang W, Nema S, Teagarden D (2010) Protein aggregation--pathways and influencing factors. Int J Pharm 390:89–99
Wang W (1999) Instability, stabilization, and formulation of liquid protein pharmaceuticals. Int J Pharm 185:129–188
Chi EY, Krishnan S, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF (2003) Physical stability of proteins in aqueous solution: mechanism and driving forces in nonnative protein aggregation. Pharm Res 20:1325–1336
Hong P, Koza S, Bouvier ESP (2012) A review size-exclusion chromatography for the analysis of protein biotherapeutics and their aggregates. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 35:2923–2950
Liu J, Andya JD, Shire SJ (2006) A critical review of analytical ultracentrifugation and field flow fractionation methods for measuring protein aggregation. AAPS J 8:E580–E589
Hofmann M, Gieseler H (2018) Predictive screening tools used in high-concentration protein formulation development. J Pharm Sci 107:772–777
Weiss WF, Young TM, Roberts CJ (2009) Principles, approaches, and challenges for predicting protein aggregation rates and shelf life. J Pharm Sci 98:1246–1277
Hawe A, Wiggenhorn M, van de Weert M, Garbe JHO, Mahler H-C, Jiskoot W (2012) Forced degradation of therapeutic proteins. J Pharm Sci 101:895–913
Joubert MK, Luo Q, Nashed-Samuel Y, Wypych J, Narhi LO (2011) Classification and characterization of therapeutic antibody aggregates. J Biol Chem 286:25118–25133
Sahin E, Grillo AO, Perkins MD, Roberts CJ (2010) Comparative effects of pH and ionic strength on protein-protein interactions, unfolding, and aggregation for IgG1 antibodies. J Pharm Sci 99:4830–4848
Wang W, Roberts CJ (2013) Non-Arrhenius Protein Aggregation. AAPS J 15:840–851
Kameoka D, Masuzaki E, Ueda T, Imoto T (2007) Effect of buffer species on the unfolding and the aggregation of humanized IgG. J Biochem 142:383–391
Kayser V, Chennamsetty N, Voynov V, Helk B, Forrer K, Trout BL (2011) Evaluation of a non-Arrhenius model for therapeutic monoclonal antibody aggregation. J Pharm Sci 100:2526–2542
Goldberg DS, Bishop SM, Shah AU, Sathish HA (2011) Formulation development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies using high-throughput fluorescence and static light scattering techniques: role of conformational and colloidal stability. J Pharm Sci 100:1306–1315
Sormanni P, Aprile FA, Vendruscolo M (2015) The CamSol method of rational Design of Protein Mutants with enhanced solubility. J Mol Biol 427:478–490
Cromwell MEM, Hilario E, Jacobson F (2006) Protein aggregation and bioprocessing. AAPS J 8:E572–E579
Li L, Kantor A, Warne N (2013) Application of a PEG precipitation method for solubility screening: a tool for developing high protein concentration formulations. Protein Sci 22:1118–1123
Chai Q, Shih J, Weldon C, Phan S, Jones BE (2019) Development of a high-throughput solubility screening assay for use in antibody discovery. mAbs 11:747–756
Laue T (2012) Proximity energies: a framework for understanding concentrated solutions. J Mol Recognit 25:165–173
Minton AP (2006) Macromolecular crowding. Curr Biol 16:R269–R271
Geoghegan JC, Fleming R, Damschroder M, Bishop SM, Sathish HA, Esfandiary R (2016) Mitigation of reversible self-association and viscosity in a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody by rational, structure-guided Fv engineering. mAbs 8:941–950
Tilegenova C, Izadi S, Yin J, Huang CS, Wu J, Ellerman D, Hymowitz SG, Walters B, Salisbury C, Carter PJ (2019) Dissecting the molecular basis of high viscosity of monospecific and bispecific IgG antibodies. mAbs 12(1):1692764
Zhang Z, Liu Y (2017) Recent progresses of understanding the viscosity of concentrated protein solutions. Curr Opin Chem Eng 16:48–55
He F, Becker GW, Litowski JR, Narhi LO, Brems DN, Razinkov VI (2010) High-throughput dynamic light scattering method for measuring viscosity of concentrated protein solutions. Anal Biochem 399:141–143
Arosio P, Hu K, Aprile FA, Müller T, Knowles TPJ (2016) Microfluidic diffusion viscometer for rapid analysis of complex solutions. Anal Chem 88:3488–3493
Kopp MRG, Villois A, Capasso Palmiero U, Arosio P (2018) Microfluidic diffusion analysis of the size distribution and microrheological properties of antibody solutions at high concentrations. Ind Eng Chem Res 57:7112–7120
Neergaard MS, Kalonia DS, Parshad H, Nielsen AD, Møller EH, van de Weert M (2013) Viscosity of high concentration protein formulations of monoclonal antibodies of the IgG1 and IgG4 subclass—prediction of viscosity through protein-protein interaction measurements. Eur J Pharm Sci 49:400–410
Wright TA, Stewart JM, Page RC, Konkolewicz D (2017) Extraction of thermodynamic parameters of protein unfolding using parallelized differential scanning Fluorimetry. J Phys Chem Lett 8:553–558
Johnson CM (2013) Differential scanning calorimetry as a tool for protein folding and stability. Arch Biochem Biophys 531:100–109
Jacobs SA, Wu S-J, Feng Y, Bethea D, O’Neil KT (2009) Cross-interaction chromatography: a rapid method to identify highly soluble monoclonal antibody candidates. Pharm Res 27:65
Kohli N, Jain N, Geddie ML, Razlog M, Xu L, Lugovskoy AA (2015) A novel screening method to assess developability of antibody-like molecules. mAbs 7:752–758
Kelly RL, Sun T, Jain T, Caffry I, Yu Y, Cao Y, Lynaugh H, Brown M, Vásquez M, Wittrup KD, Xu Y (2015) High throughput cross-interaction measures for human IgG1 antibodies correlate with clearance rates in mice. mAbs 7:770–777
Estep P, Caffry I, Yu Y, Sun T, Cao Y, Lynaugh H, Jain T, Vásquez M, Tessier PM, Xu Y (2015) An alternative assay to hydrophobic interaction chromatography for high-throughput characterization of monoclonal antibodies. mAbs 7:553–561
Liu Y, Caffry I, Wu J, Geng SB, Jain T, Sun T, Reid F, Cao Y, Estep P, Yu Y, Vásquez M, Tessier PM, Xu Y (2014) High-throughput screening for developability during early-stage antibody discovery using self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy. mAbs 6:483–492
Lueking A, Possling A, Huber O, Beveridge A, Horn M, Eickhoff H, Schuchardt J, Lehrach H, Cahill DJ (2003) A nonredundant human protein Chip for antibody screening and serum profiling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2:1342–1349
Feyen O, Lueking A, Kowald A, Stephan C, Meyer HE, Göbel U, Niehues T (2008) Off-target activity of TNF-α inhibitors characterized by protein biochips. Anal Bioanal Chem 391:1713–1720
Frese K, Eisenmann M, Ostendorp R, Brocks B, Pabst S (2013) An automated immunoassay for early specificity profiling of antibodies. mAbs 5:279–287
Ramos-López P, Irizarry J, Pino I, Blackshaw S (2018) Antibody specificity profiling using protein microarrays. Methods Mol Biol 1785:223–229
Sule SV, Dickinson CD, Lu J, Chow C-K, Tessier PM (2013) Rapid analysis of antibody self-association in complex mixtures using immunogold conjugates. Mol Pharm 10:1322–1331
Yadav S, Laue TM, Kalonia DS, Singh SN, Shire SJ (2012) The influence of charge distribution on self-association and viscosity behavior of monoclonal antibody solutions. Mol Pharm 9:791–802
Dobson CL, Devine PWA, Phillips JJ, Higazi DR, Lloyd C, Popovic B, Arnold J, Buchanan A, Lewis A, Goodman J, van der Walle CF, Thornton P, Vinall L, Lowne D, Aagaard A, Olsson L-L, Wollberg AR, Welsh F, Karamanos TK, Pashley CL, Iadanza MG, Ranson NA, Ashcroft AE, Kippen AD, Vaughan TJ, Radford SE, Lowe DC (2016) Engineering the surface properties of a human monoclonal antibody prevents self-association and rapid clearance in vivo. Sci Rep 6:1–14
Tessier PM, Vandrey SD, Berger BW, Pazhianur R, Sandler SI, Lenhoff AM, IUCr (2002) Self-interaction chromatography: a novel screening method for rational protein crystallization. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 58:1531–1535
Patro SY, Przybycien TM (1996) Self-interaction chromatography: a tool for the study of protein–protein interactions in bioprocessing environments. Biotechnol Bioeng 52:193–203
Tessier PM, Lenhoff AM, Sandler SI (2002) Rapid measurement of protein osmotic second virial coefficients by self-interaction chromatography. Biophys J 82:1620–1631
Johnson DH, Parupudi A, Wilson WW, DeLucas LJ (2008) High-throughput self-interaction chromatography: applications in protein formulation prediction. Pharm Res 26:296
Sun T, Reid F, Liu Y, Cao Y, Estep P, Nauman C, Xu Y (2013) High throughput detection of antibody self-interaction by bio-layer interferometry. mAbs 5:838–841
Wu J, Schultz JS, Weldon CL, Sule SV, Chai Q, Geng SB, Dickinson CD, Tessier PM (2015) Discovery of highly soluble antibodies prior to purification using affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy. Protein Eng Des Sel 28:403–414
Shan L, Mody N, Sormani P, Rosenthal KL, Damschroder MM, Esfandiary R (2018) Developability assessment of engineered monoclonal antibody variants with a complex self-association behavior using complementary analytical and in silico tools. Mol Pharm 15:5697–5710
Fekete S, Veuthey J-L, Beck A, Guillarme D (2016) Hydrophobic interaction chromatography for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies and related products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 130:3–18
Gentiluomo L, Svilenov HL, Augustijn D, El Bialy I, Greco ML, Kulakova A, Indrakumar S, Mahapatra S, Morales MM, Pohl C, Roche A, Tosstorff A, Curtis R, Derrick JP, Nørgaard A, Khan TA, Peters GHJ, Pluen A, Rinnan Å, Streicher WW, van der Walle CF, Uddin S, Winter G, Roessner D, Harris P, Frieß W (2020) Advancing therapeutic protein discovery and development through comprehensive computational and biophysical characterization. Mol Pharm 17:426–440
Bradbury A, Plückthun A (2015) Reproducibility: standardize antibodies used in research. Nat News 518:27
Tsumoto K, Ejima D, Senczuk AM, Kita Y, Arakawa T (2007) Effects of salts on protein–surface interactions: applications for column chromatography. J Pharm Sci 96:1677–1690
Charmet J, Arosio P, Knowles TPJ (2018) Microfluidics for protein biophysics. J Mol Biol 430:565–580
Kopp MRG, Arosio P (2018) Microfluidic approaches for the characterization of therapeutic proteins. J Pharm Sci 107:1228–1236
Arosio P, Müller T, Rajah L, Yates EV, Aprile FA, Zhang Y, Cohen SIA, White DA, Herling TW, De Genst EJ, Linse S, Vendruscolo M, Dobson CM, Knowles TPJ (2016) Microfluidic diffusion analysis of the sizes and interactions of proteins under native solution conditions. ACS Nano 10:333–341
Obrezanova O, Arnell A, de la Cuesta RG, Berthelot ME, Gallagher TR, Zurdo J, Stallwood Y (2015) Aggregation risk prediction for antibodies and its application to biotherapeutic development. mAbs 7:352–363
Meric G, Robinson AS, Roberts CJ (2017) Driving forces for nonnative protein aggregation and approaches to predict aggregation-prone regions. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 8:139–159. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101404
Zambrano R, Jamroz M, Szczasiuk A, Pujols J, Kmiecik S, Ventura S (2015) AGGRESCAN3D (A3D): server for prediction of aggregation properties of protein structures. Nucleic Acids Res 43:W306–W313
Shan L, Mody N, Sormanni P, Rosenthal KL, Damschroder MM, Esfandiary R (2018) Developability assessment of engineered monoclonal antibody variants with a complex self-association behavior using complementary analytical and in silico tools. Mol Pharm 15(12):5697–5710
Camilloni C, Sala BM, Sormanni P, Porcari R, Corazza A, Rosa MD, Zanini S, Barbiroli A, Esposito G, Bolognesi M, Bellotti V, Vendruscolo M, Ricagno S (2016) Rational design of mutations that change the aggregation rate of a protein while maintaining its native structure and stability. Sci Rep 6:1–11
Smialowski P, Doose G, Torkler P, Kaufmann S, Frishman D (2012) PROSO II – a new method for protein solubility prediction. FEBS J 279:2192–2200
Agostini F, Vendruscolo M, Tartaglia GG (2012) Sequence-based prediction of protein solubility. J Mol Biol 421:237–241
Magnan CN, Randall A, Baldi P (2009) SOLpro: accurate sequence-based prediction of protein solubility. Bioinformatics 25:2200–2207
Huang H-L, Charoenkwan P, Kao T-F, Lee H-C, Chang F-L, Huang W-L, Ho S-J, Shu L-S, Chen W-L, Ho S-Y (2012) Prediction and analysis of protein solubility using a novel scoring card method with dipeptide composition. BMC Bioinformatics 13:S3
Hirose S, Noguchi T (2013) ESPRESSO: a system for estimating protein expression and solubility in protein expression systems. Proteomics 13:1444–1456
Chan P, Curtis RA, Warwicker J (2013) Soluble expression of proteins correlates with a lack of positively-charged surface. Sci Rep 3:3333
Schaller A, Connors NK, Oelmeier SA, Hubbuch J, Middelberg APJ (2015) Predicting recombinant protein expression experiments using molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Eng Sci 121:340–350
Yang Y, Niroula A, Shen B, Vihinen M (2016) PON-sol: prediction of effects of amino acid substitutions on protein solubility. Bioinformatics 32:2032–2034
Paladin L, Piovesan D, Tosatto SCE (2017) SODA: prediction of protein solubility from disorder and aggregation propensity. Nucleic Acids Res 45:W236–W240
Hebditch M, Carballo-Amador MA, Charonis S, Curtis R, Warwicker J (2017) Protein–sol: a web tool for predicting protein solubility from sequence. Bioinformatics 33:3098–3100
Chiti F, Stefani M, Taddei N, Ramponi G, Dobson CM (2003) Rationalization of the effects of mutations on peptide andprotein aggregation rates. Nature 424:805–808
DuBay KF, Pawar AP, Chiti F, Zurdo J, Dobson CM, Vendruscolo M (2004) Prediction of the absolute aggregation rates of amyloidogenic polypeptide chains. J Mol Biol 341:1317–1326
Fernandez-Escamilla A-M, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Serrano L (2004) Prediction of sequence-dependent and mutational effects on the aggregation of peptides and proteins. Nat Biotechnol 22:1302–1306
Conchillo-Solé O, de Groot NS, Avilés FX, Vendrell J, Daura X, Ventura S (2007) AGGRESCAN: a server for the prediction and evaluation of “hot spots” of aggregation in polypeptides. BMC Bioinformatics 8:65
Tartaglia GG, Vendruscolo M (2008) The Zyggregator method for predicting protein aggregation propensities. Chem Soc Rev 37:1395–1401
Garbuzynskiy SO, Lobanov MY, Galzitskaya OV (2010) FoldAmyloid: a method of prediction of amyloidogenic regions from protein sequence. Bioinformatics 26:326–332
Thompson MJ, Sievers SA, Karanicolas J, Ivanova MI, Baker D, Eisenberg D (2006) The 3D profile method for identifying fibril-forming segments of proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:4074–4078
Goldschmidt L, Teng PK, Riek R, Eisenberg D (2010) Identifying the amylome, proteins capable of forming amyloid-like fibrils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:3487–3492
Maurer-Stroh S, Debulpaep M, Kuemmerer N, de la Paz ML, Martins IC, Reumers J, Morris KL, Copland A, Serpell L, Serrano L, Schymkowitz JWH, Rousseau F (2010) Exploring the sequence determinants of amyloid structure using position-specific scoring matrices. Nat Methods 7:237–242
O’Donnell CW, Waldispühl J, Lis M, Halfmann R, Devadas S, Lindquist S, Berger B (2011) A method for probing the mutational landscape of amyloid structure. Bioinformatics 27:i34–i42
Tsolis AC, Papandreou NC, Iconomidou VA, Hamodrakas SJ (2013) A consensus method for the prediction of ‘aggregation-prone’ peptides in globular proteins. PLoS One 8:e54175
Emily M, Talvas A, Delamarche C (2013) MetAmyl: a METa-predictor for AMYLoid proteins. PLoS One 8:e79722
Trovato A, Seno F, Tosatto SCE (2007) The PASTA server for protein aggregation prediction. Protein Eng Des Sel 20:521–523
Trovato A, Chiti F, Maritan A, Seno F (2006) Insight into the structure of amyloid fibrils from the analysis of globular proteins. PLoS Comput Biol 2:e170
Walsh I, Seno F, Tosatto SCE, Trovato A (2014) PASTA 2.0: an improved server for protein aggregation prediction. Nucleic Acids Res 42:W301–W307
Gasior P, Kotulska M (2014) FISH amyloid—a new method for finding amyloidogenic segments in proteins based on site specific co-occurence of aminoacids. BMC Bioinformatics 15:54
Kuriata A, Iglesias V, Pujols J, Kurcinski M, Kmiecik S, Ventura S (2019) Aggrescan3D (A3D) 2.0: prediction and engineering of protein solubility. Nucleic Acids Res 47:W300–W307
Agrawal NJ, Helk B, Kumar S, Mody N, Sathish HA, Samra HS, Buck PM, Li L, Trout BL (2015) Computational tool for the early screening of monoclonal antibodies for their viscosities. mAbs 8(1):43–48
Tomar DS, Li L, Broulidakis MP, Luksha NG, Burns CT, Singh SK, Kumar S (2017) In-silico prediction of concentration-dependent viscosity curves for monoclonal antibody solutions. mAbs 9:476–489
De Groot AS, Sbai H, Aubin CS, McMurry J, Martin W (2002) Immuno-informatics: mining genomes for vaccine components. Immunol Cell Biol 80:255–269
Dalkas GA, Rooman M (2017) SEPIa, a knowledge-driven algorithm for predicting conformational B-cell epitopes from the amino acid sequence. BMC Bioinformatics 18:95
Gil-Garcia M, Bañó-Polo M, Varejão N, Jamroz M, Kuriata A, Díaz-Caballero M, Lascorz J, Morel B, Navarro S, Reverter D, Kmiecik S, Ventura S (2018) Combining structural aggregation propensity and stability predictions to redesign protein solubility. Mol Pharm 15:3846–3859
Hebditch M, Warwicker J (2019) Web-based display of protein surface and pH-dependent properties for assessing the developability of biotherapeutics. Sci Rep 9:1969
Chiti F, Stefani M, Taddei N, Ramponi G, Dobson CM (2003) Rationalization of the effects of mutations on peptide and protein aggregation rates. Nature 424:805–808
Fowler SB, Poon S, Muff R, Chiti F, Dobson CM, Zurdo J (2005) Rational design of aggregation-resistant bioactive peptides: reengineering human calcitonin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:10105–10110
Trainor K, Broom A, Meiering EM (2017) Exploring the relationships between protein sequence, structure and solubility. Curr Opin Struct Biol 42:136–146
Pastor MT, Esteras-Chopo A, Serrano L (2007) Hacking the code of amyloid formation: the amyloid stretch hypothesis. Prion 1:9–14
Chiti F, Dobson CM (2006) Protein misfolding, functional amyloid, and human disease. Annu Rev Biochem 75:333–366
Dobson CL, Devine PWA, Phillips JJ, Higazi DR, Lloyd C, Popovic B, Arnold J, Buchanan A, Lewis A, Goodman J, van der Walle CF, Thornton P, Vinall L, Lowne D, Aagaard A, Olsson L-L, Ridderstad Wollberg A, Welsh F, Karamanos TK, Pashley CL, Iadanza MG, Ranson NA, Ashcroft AE, Kippen AD, Vaughan TJ, Radford SE, Lowe DC (2016) Engineering the surface properties of a human monoclonal antibody prevents self-association and rapid clearance in vivo. Sci Rep 6:38644
Dunbar J, Krawczyk K, Leem J, Marks C, Nowak J, Regep C, Georges G, Kelm S, Popovic B, Deane CM (2016) SAbPred: a structure-based antibody prediction server. Nucleic Acids Res 44:W474–W478
Schymkowitz J, Borg J, Stricher F, Nys R, Rousseau F, Serrano L (2005) The FoldX web server: an online force field. Nucleic Acids Res 33:W382–W388
Adolf-Bryfogle J, Xu Q, North B, Lehmann A, Dunbrack RL (2015) PyIgClassify: a database of antibody CDR structural classifications. Nucleic Acids Res 43:D432–D438
Di Rienzo L, Milanetti E, Lepore R, Olimpieri PP, Tramontano A (2017) Superposition-free comparison and clustering of antibody binding sites: implications for the prediction of the nature of their antigen. Sci Rep 7:45053
Al-Lazikani B, Lesk AM, Chothia C (1997) Standard conformations for the canonical structures of immunoglobulins. J Mol Biol 273:927–948
Krawczyk K, Dunbar J, Deane CM (2017) Computational tools for aiding rational antibody design. Methods Mol Biol 1529:399–416
Regep C, Georges G, Shi J, Popovic B, Deane CM (2017) The H3 loop of antibodies shows unique structural characteristics. Proteins 85:1311–1318
Marks C, Deane CM (2017) Antibody H3 structure prediction. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 15:222–231
Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ (2001) Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 46:3–26
Pawar AP, Dubay KF, Zurdo J, Chiti F, Vendruscolo M, Dobson CM (2005) Prediction of “aggregation-prone” and “aggregation-susceptible” regions in proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. J Mol Biol 350:379–392
Tartaglia GG, Pawar AP, Campioni S, Dobson CM, Chiti F, Vendruscolo M (2008) Prediction of aggregation-prone regions in structured proteins. J Mol Biol 380:425–436
Walther DM, Kasturi P, Zheng M, Pinkert S, Vecchi G, Ciryam P, Morimoto RI, Dobson CM, Vendruscolo M, Mann M, Hartl FU (2015) Widespread proteome remodeling and aggregation in Aging C. elegans. Cell 161:919–932
Família C, Dennison SR, Quintas A, Phoenix DA (2015) Prediction of peptide and protein propensity for amyloid formation. PLoS One 10:e0134679
Flower DR (2003) Towards in silico prediction of immunogenic epitopes. Trends Immunol 24:667–674
Fowler DM, Fields S (2014) Deep mutational scanning: a new style of protein science. Nat Methods 11:801–807
Gray VE, Sitko K, Kameni FZN, Williamson M, Stephany JJ, Hasle N, Fowler DM (2019) Elucidating the molecular determinants of Aβ aggregation with deep mutational scanning. G3 9:3683–3689
Walle IV, Gansemans Y, Parren PW, Stas P, Lasters I (2007) Immunogenicity screening in protein drug development. Expert Opin Biol Ther 7:405–418
De Groot AS, McMurry J, Moise L (2008) Prediction of immunogenicity: in silico paradigms, ex vivo and in vivo correlates. Curr Opin Pharmacol 8:620–626
Kennedy PJ, Oliveira C, Granja PL, Sarmento B (2018) Monoclonal antibodies: technologies for early discovery and engineering. Crit Rev Biotechnol 38:394–408
Olsson MHM, Søndergaard CR, Rostkowski M, Jensen JH (2011) PROPKA3: consistent treatment of internal and surface residues in empirical pKa predictions. J Chem Theory Comput 7:525–537
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Wolf Pérez, AM., Lorenzen, N., Vendruscolo, M., Sormanni, P. (2022). Assessment of Therapeutic Antibody Developability by Combinations of In Vitro and In Silico Methods. In: Houen, G. (eds) Therapeutic Antibodies. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2313. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1450-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1450-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1449-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1450-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols