Abstract
Chromatin organization and epigenetic marks play a critical role in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. Chromatin digestion by micrococcal nuclease (MNase) followed by high-throughput sequencing (MNase-seq) is the most widely used genome-wide method for studying nucleosome organization, that is, the first level of DNA packaging into chromatin. Combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), MNase-ChIP-seq represents a high-resolution method for investigating both chromatin organization and the distribution of epigenetic marks and histone variants. The plot2DO package presented here is a flexible tool for evaluating the quality of MNase-seq and MNase-ChIP-seq data, and for visualizing the distribution of nucleosomes near the functional regions of the genome. The plot2DO package is open-source software, and it is freely available from https://github.com/rchereji/plot2DO under the MIT license.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Luger K, Mader AW, Richmond RK, Sargent DF, Richmond TJ (1997) Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution. Nature 389(6648):251–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/38444
Liu X, Lee CK, Granek JA, Clarke ND, Lieb JD (2006) Whole-genome comparison of Leu3 binding in vitro and in vivo reveals the importance of nucleosome occupancy in target site selection. Genome Res 16(12):1517–1528. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.5655606
Dixon JR, Jung I, Selvaraj S, Shen Y, Antosiewicz-Bourget JE, Lee AY, Ye Z, Kim A, Rajagopal N, Xie W, Diao Y, Liang J, Zhao H, Lobanenkov VV, Ecker JR, Thomson JA, Ren B (2015) Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation. Nature 518(7539):331–336. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14222
Dingwall C, Lomonossoff GP, Laskey RA (1981) High sequence specificity of micrococcal nuclease. Nucleic Acids Res 9(12):2659–2673
Horz W, Altenburger W (1981) Sequence specific cleavage of DNA by micrococcal nuclease. Nucleic Acids Res 9(12):2643–2658
Chereji RV, Kan TW, Grudniewska MK, Romashchenko AV, Berezikov E, Zhimulev IF, Guryev V, Morozov AV, Moshkin YM (2016) Genome-wide profiling of nucleosome sensitivity and chromatin accessibility in Drosophila melanogaster. Nucleic Acids Res 44(3):1036–1051. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv978
Chereji RV, Ocampo J, Clark DJ (2017) MNase-sensitive complexes in yeast: nucleosomes and non-histone barriers. Molecular cell 65(3):565–577. e563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2016.12.009
Gentleman RC, Carey VJ, Bates DM, Bolstad B, Dettling M, Dudoit S, Ellis B, Gautier L, Ge Y, Gentry J, Hornik K, Hothorn T, Huber W, Iacus S, Irizarry R, Leisch F, Li C, Maechler M, Rossini AJ, Sawitzki G, Smith C, Smyth G, Tierney L, Yang JY, Zhang J (2004) Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics. Genome Biol 5(10):R80. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r80
Chereji RV, Clark DJ (2018) Major determinants of nucleosome positioning. Biophys J 114(10):2279–2289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2018.03.015
Henikoff JG, Belsky JA, Krassovsky K, Macalpine DM, Henikoff S (2011) Epigenome characterization at single base-pair resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(45):18318–18323. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1110731108
Chereji RV, Ramachandran S, Bryson TD, Henikoff S (2018) Precise genome-wide mapping of single nucleosomes and linkers in vivo. Genome Biol 19(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1398-0
Lawrence MBD, Coutin N, Choi JK, Martin BJE, Irwin NAT, Young B, Loewen C, Howe LJ (2017) Histone acetylation, not stoichiometry, regulates linker histone binding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 207(1):347–355. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.117.1132
Rawal Y, Chereji RV, Qiu H, Ananthakrishnan S, Govind CK, Clark DJ, Hinnebusch AG (2018) SWI/SNF and RSC cooperate to reposition and evict promoter nucleosomes at highly expressed genes in yeast. Genes Dev 32(9-10):695–710. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.312850.118
Ocampo J, Chereji RV, Eriksson PR, Clark DJ (2016) The ISW1 and CHD1 ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers compete to set nucleosome spacing in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 44(10):4625–4635. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw068
Johnson TA, Chereji RV, Stavreva DA, Morris SA, Hager GL, Clark DJ (2018) Conventional and pioneer modes of glucocorticoid receptor interaction with enhancer chromatin in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 46(1):203–214. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx1044
West JA, Cook A, Alver BH, Stadtfeld M, Deaton AM, Hochedlinger K, Park PJ, Tolstorukov MY, Kingston RE (2014) Nucleosomal occupancy changes locally over key regulatory regions during cell differentiation and reprogramming. Nat Commun 5:4719. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5719
Acknowledgement
We thank Natalia Petrenko, Burke Squires, Ming-an Sun, and Yashpal Rawal for insightful discussions and for testing the software. R.V.C. was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health. This work utilized the computational resources of the NIH HPC Biowulf cluster (http://hpc.nih.gov).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Beati, P., Chereji, R.V. (2020). Creating 2D Occupancy Plots Using plot2DO. In: Kidder, B. (eds) Stem Cell Transcriptional Networks. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2117. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0301-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0301-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-0300-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-0301-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols