Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Why and When Should We Screen for Depression and Other Psychological Problems?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Screening for Depression and Other Psychological Problems in Diabetes

  • 1539 Accesses

Abstract

Depression and emotional distress are common in people with diabetes and are major barriers to achieving an optimal quality of life, which is an objective of successful diabetes treatment. Furthermore, emotional distress and depression have a negative impact on the prognosis of diabetes. This chapter reviews the treatment options for diabetes-related distress and considers the screening options for depression and emotional distress with respect to screening performance and acceptability of screening. Screening for emotional problems without a comprehensive management plan has not proven to be efficacious in reducing depression and emotional problems in people with diabetes. Monitoring of well-being is suggested in order to identify people with diabetes suffering from emotional distress and depression. A flow chart depicting a management proposal for patients with emotional problems and depression provides some guidance for clinical care.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Fisher L, Skaff MM, Mullan JT, Arean P, Glasgow R, Masharani U. A longitudinal study of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect and diabetes distress in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2008;25:1096–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1069–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Pouwer F, Skinner TC, Pibernik-Okanovic M, et al. Serious diabetes-specific emotional problems and depression in a Croatian-Dutch-English Survey from the European Depression in Diabetes [EDID] Research Consortium. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;70:166–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Krichbaum M, Kubiak T, Haak T. How to screen for depression and emotional problems in patients with diabetes: comparison of screening characteristics of depression questionnaires, measurement of diabetes-specific emotional problems and standard clinical assessment. Diabetologia. 2006;49:469–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Goldney RD, Phillips PJ, Fisher LJ, Wilson DH. Diabetes, depression, and quality of life: a population study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1066–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Gonzalez JS, Peyrot M, McCarl LA, et al. Depression and diabetes treatment nonadherence: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:2398–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, De Groot M, Carney RM, Clouse RE. Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:934–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Fisher L, Skaff MM, Mullan JT, et al. Clinical depression versus distress among patients with type 2 diabetes: not just a question of semantics. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:542–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Anderson RJ, Grigsby AB, Freedland KE, et al. Anxiety and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2002;32:235–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. De Groot M, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:619–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Black SA, Markides KS, Ray LA. Depression predicts increased incidence of adverse health outcomes in older Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2822–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Egede LE, Nietert PJ, Zheng D. Depression and all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality among adults with and without diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1339–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Katon W, Fan MY, Unutzer J, Taylor J, Pincus H, Schoenbaum M. Depression and diabetes: a potentially lethal combination. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23:1571–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang X, Norris SL, Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Beckles G, Kahn HS. Depressive symptoms and mortality among persons with and without diabetes. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:652–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Petrak F, Herpertz S. Treatment of depression in diabetes: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2009;22:211–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. IDF Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Global guidelines for type 2 diabetes. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Petrak F, Herpertz S, Albus C, Hirsch A, Kulzer B, Kruse J. Evidence-based guidelines of the German diabetes association – psychosocial factors and diabetes mellitus. J Psychosom Res. 2004;56:672 (Abstract).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. ADA. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2008. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:S12–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Canadian Diabetes Association. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes. 2008;32:S1–201.

    Google Scholar 

  20. National Screening Committee. The UK´s National Screening Committee´s criteria for appraising the viability, effectiveness and appropriateness of a screening programme. 2003. www.nsc.nhs.uk/pdfs/criteria.pdf. Accessed 15 Sept 2007. (GENERIC).

  21. Petrak F, Herpertz S, Albus C, Hirsch A, Kulzer B, Kruse J. Psychosocial factors and diabetes mellitus: evidence-based treatment guidelines. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2005;1:255–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Herpertz S, Petrak F, Albus C, Hirsch A, Kruse J, Kulzer B. Psychosoziales und Diabetes mellitus. Evidenzbasierte Diabetes-Leitlinien der Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG) und Deutsches Kollegium Psychosomatische Medizin (DKPM). Diabetes Stoffwechsel. 2003;12:69–94.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Polonsky WH, Jacobson A, Anderson BJ, et al. Assessment of diabetes-related-distress. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:754–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Welch G, Weinger K, Anderson B, Polonsky WH. Responsiveness of the problem areas in diabetes (PAID) questionnaire. Diabet Med. 2003;20:69–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Snoek FJ, Pouwer F, Welch GW, Polonsky WH. Diabetes related emotional stress in Dutch and US diabetic patients: cross-cultural validity of the problem areas in diabetes scale. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1305–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Mahr M, Skovlund S, Haak T. Negative attitudes towards insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes seems to be a rather temporal and benign phenomenon: results of an observational longitudinal study. Diabetologia. 2010;53:S380 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Snoek FJ, Kersch NY, Eldrup E, et al. Monitoring of individual needs in diabetes (MIND): baseline data from the cross-national diabetes attitudes, wishes, and needs (DAWN) MIND study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:601–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Earles J, et al. Assessing psychosocial distress in diabetes: development of the diabetes distress scale. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:626–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nouwen A, Winkley K, Twisk J, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the onset of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2010;53:2480–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Peyrot M, Rubin RR. Levels and risks of depression and anxiety symptomatology among diabetic adults. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:585–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Krichbaum M, Kubiak T, Haak T. Affective and anxiety disorders in a German sample of diabetic patients: prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors. Diabet Med. 2005;22:293–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Grigsby AB, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Prevalence of anxiety in adults with diabetes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:1053–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lloyd CE, Deyer PH, Barnett AH. Prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in a diabetes clinic population. Diabet Med. 2000;17:198–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Pouwer F. Should we screen for emotional distress in type 2 diabetes mellitus? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5:665–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ali S, Stone MA, Peters JL, Davies MJ, Khunti K. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2006;23:1165–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Knol MJ, Twisk JW, Beekman AT, Heine RJ, Snoek FJ, Pouwer F. Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2006;49:837–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Golden SH, Lazo M, Carnethon M, et al. Examining a bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and diabetes. JAMA. 2008;299:2751–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mezuk B, Eaton WW, Albrecht S, Golden SH. Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:2383–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Pan A, Lucas M, Sun Q, et al. Bidirectional association between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1884–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pickup JC. Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:813–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2009;71:171–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Golden SH. A review of the evidence for a neuroendocrine link between stress, depression and diabetes mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2007;3:252–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Pouwer F, Beekman ATF, Nijpels G, et al. Rates and risks for co-morbid depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: results of a community based study. Diabetologia. 2003;46:892–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Golden SH, Mezuk B. The association of depressive symptoms with prediabetes versus diagnosed diabetes: is ignorance really bliss? Phys Sportsmed. 2009;37:143–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ali S, Stone M, Skinner TC, Robertson N, Davies M, Khunti K. The association between depression and health-related quality of life in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2010;26:75–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Welch GW, Jacobson AM, Polonsky WH. The problem areas in diabetes scale. An evaluation of its clinical utility. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:760–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: treatment and management. 2009. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG91NICEGuideline.pdf. Accessed 12 Mar 2012.

  48. Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, Ustun B. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet. 2007;370:851–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE. Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3278–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Katon WJ, Von KM, Lin EH, et al. The pathways study: a randomized trial of collaborative care in patients with diabetes and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:1042–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Katon W, Russo J, Lin EH, et al. Diabetes and poor disease control: is comorbid depression associated with poor medication adherence or lack of treatment intensification? Psychosom Med. 2009;71:965–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Katon WJ, Rutter C, Simon G, et al. The association of comorbid depression with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2668–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Ismail K, Winkley K, Stahl D, Chalder T, Edmonds M. A cohort study of people with diabetes and their first foot ulcer: the role of depression on mortality. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1473–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Von Korff M, Katon W, Lin EH, et al. Work disability among individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1326–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Egede LE. Effects of depression on work loss and disability bed days in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1751–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Egede LE, Zheng D, Simpson K. Comorbid depression is associated with increased health care use and expenditures in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:464–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Peyrot M, Rubin RR. Persistence of depressive symptoms in diabetic adults. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:448–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Kubiak T, Haak T. Course of depression in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53:16A (Abstract).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Maier B, Mahr M, Haak T. The effect of an education programme (MEDIAS 2 ICT) involving intensive insulin treatment for people with type 2 diabetes. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;86:226–32. Epub 28 Jun 2011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ismail K, Winkley K, Rabe-Hesketh S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of psychological interventions to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2004;363:1589–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Freedland KE, Kissel SS, Clouse RE. Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:613–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE, et al. Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glycemic control in diabetes: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom Med. 1997;59:241–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lustman PJ, Freedland KE, Griffith LS, Clouse RE. Fluoxetine for depression in diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:618–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Gülseren L, Gülseren S, Hekimsoy Z, Mete L. Comparison of fluoxetine and paroxetine in type II diabetes mellitus patients. Arch Med Res. 2005;36:159–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Paile-Hyvarinen M, Wahlbeck K, Eriksson J. Quality of life and metabolic status in mildly depressed women with type 2 diabetes treated with paroxetine: a single-blind randomised placebo controlled trial. BMC Fam Pract. 2003;4:7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Paile-Hyvarinen M, Wahlbeck K, Eriksson J. Quality of life and metabolic status in mildly depressed patients with type 2 diabetes treated with paroxetine: a double-blind randomised placebo controlled 6-month trial. BMC Fam Pract. 2007;8:34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lustman PJ, Clouse RE, Nix BD, et al. Sertraline for prevention of depression recurrence in diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:521–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Williams MM, Clouse RE, Nix BD, et al. Efficacy of sertraline in prevention of depression recurrence in older versus younger adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:801–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Echeverry D, Duran P, Bonds C, Lee M, Davidson MB. Effect of pharmacological treatment of depression on A1C and quality of life in low-income Hispanics and African Americans with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:2156–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Rubin RR, Ma Y, Marrero DG, et al. Elevated depression symptoms, antidepressant medicine use, and risk of developing diabetes during the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:420–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT. Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ell K, Aranda MP, Xie B, Lee PJ, Chou CP. Collaborative depression treatment in older and younger adults with physical illness: pooled comparative analysis of three randomized clinical trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18:520–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ell K, Katon W, Xie B, et al. One-year postcollaborative depression care trial outcomes among predominantly Hispanic diabetes safety net patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;33:436–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Williams Jr JW, Katon W, Lin EH, et al. The effectiveness of depression care management on diabetes-related outcomes in older patients. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:1015–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Katon WJ, Lin EHB, Von Korff M, et al. Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2611–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Nuyen J, Stoop C, et al. Effect of interventions for major depressive disorder and significant depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32:380–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Pouwer F, Beekman AT, Lubach C, Snoek FJ. Nurses’ recognition and registration of depression, anxiety and diabetes-specific emotional problems in outpatients with diabetes mellitus. Patient Educ Couns. 2006;60:235–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Katon WJ, Simon G, Russo J, et al. Quality of depression care in a population-based sample of patients with diabetes and major depression. Med Care. 2004;42:1222–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. AHCPR Depression Guideline Panel. Depression in Primary Care: Volume 2. Treatment of Major Depression. Clinical Practice Guideline, Number 5. Rockville, MD.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR Publication No. 93–0551. April 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Rubin RR, Ciechanowski P, Egede LE, Lin EH, Lustman PJ. Recognizing and treating depression in patients with diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2004;4:119–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2011. Diabetes Care Suppl. 2011;1(34):S11–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Petrak F, Herpertz S, Albus C, Hirsch A, Kulzer B, Kruse J. Psychosocial Factors and Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence-Based Treatment Guidelines. Current Diabetes Reviews 2005;1(3):255–70.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Arroll B, Khin N, Kerse N. Screening for depression in primary care with two verbally asked questions: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2003;327:1144–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Roy T, Lloyd CE, Pouwer F, Holt RI, Sartorius N. Screening tools used for measuring depression among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabet Med. 2012;29:164–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Awata S, Bech P, Yoshida S, et al. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index in the context of detecting depression in diabetic patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61:112–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Gilbody S, Bower P, Whitty P. Costs and consequences of enhanced primary care for depression: systematic review of randomised economic evaluations. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:297–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Gilbody S, Sheldon T, Wessely S. Should we screen for depression? BMJ. 2006;332:1027–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Gilbody S, House AO, Sheldon TA. Screening and case finding instruments for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005:CD002792.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Pouwer F, Tack CJ, Geelhoed-Duijvestijn PH, et al. Limited effect of screening for depression with written feedback in outpatients with diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2011;54:741–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Simon GE, Katon WJ, Lin EH, et al. Cost-effectiveness of systematic depression treatment among people with diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:65–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Pouwer F, Snoek FJ, Van Der Ploeg HM, Ader HJ, Heine RJ. Monitoring of psychological well-being in outpatients with diabetes: effects on mood, HbA(1c), and the patient’s evaluation of the quality of diabetes care: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1929–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute of Diabetes Academy Mergentheim, Theodor-Klotzbuecher-Str. 12, Bad Mergentheim, 97980, Germany

    Norbert Hermanns Ph.D.

  2. Diabetes Zentrum Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany

    Norbert Hermanns Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Norbert Hermanns Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Norbert Hermanns Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Faculty of Health & Social Care, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom

    Cathy E. Lloyd

  2. Tilburg University, Tilburg, 5000 LE, Netherlands

    Frans Pouwer

  3. Wuerzburg, Germany

    Norbert Hermanns

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hermanns, N. (2013). Why and When Should We Screen for Depression and Other Psychological Problems?. In: Lloyd, C., Pouwer, F., Hermanns, N. (eds) Screening for Depression and Other Psychological Problems in Diabetes. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-751-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-751-8_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-750-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-85729-751-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation