Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Environmental Epidemiology

  • Reference work entry
Handbook of Epidemiology

  • 11k Accesses

Abstract

The human environment – “the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions, or influences especially as affecting the existence or development of someone or something” (Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language 1989) – is a topic of ever-increasing public awareness. Concern about the safety of the environment has stimulated controversial debates both in the general public as well as in the scientific community. Environmental safety has to meet defined standards for the protection of public health, and epidemiological knowledge has to be gathered on the impact of risk factors on human health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahlbom A, Day N, Feychting M, Roman E, Skinner J, Dockerty J, Linet M, McBride M, Michaelis J, Olsen JH, Tynes T, Verkasalo PK (2000) A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia. Br J Cancer 83:692–698

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alavanja MCR, Brownson RC, Lubin JH, Berger E, Chang J, Boice JD Jr (1994) Residential radon exposure and lung cancer among nonsmoking women. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:1829–1837

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alavanja MC, Lubin JH, Mahaffey JA, Brownson RC (1999) Residential radon exposure and risk of lung cancer in Missouri. Am J Public Health 89:1042–1048

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson TW (1984) An introduction to multivariate statistical analysis, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson HR, deLeon AP, Bland M, Bower JS, Strachan DP (1996) Air pollution and daily mortality in London: 1987–1992. Br Med J 312:665–669

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong BG (1990) The effects of measurement errors on relative risk regression. Am J Epidemiol 132:1176–1184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong BG (1998) Effect of measurement error on epidemiological studies of environmental and occupational exposures. Occup Environ Med 55:651–656

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auvinen A, Mäkeläinen I, Hakama M, Castrén O, Pukkala E, Reisbacka H, Rytömaa T (1996) Indoor radon exposure and risk of lung cancer: a nested case-control study in Finland. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:966–972, Erratum. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:401–402 (1998)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barros-Dios JM, Barreiro MA, Ruano-Ravina A, Figueiras A (2002) Exposure to residential radon and lung cancer in Spain: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 156:548–555

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bäverstam U, Swedjemark G-A (1991) Where are the errors when we estimate Radon exposure in retrospect? Radiat Prot Dosim 36:107–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Baysson H, Billon S, Laurier D, Rogel A, Tirmarche M (2003) Seasonal correction factors for estimating radon exposure in dwellings in France. Radiat Prot Dosim 104:245–252

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell ML, Davis DL, Fletcher T (2004) A retrospective assessment of mortality from the London smog episode of 1952: the role of influenza and pollution. Environ Health Perspect 112:6–8

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blot WJ, Xu Z-Y, Boice JD, Zhao D-Z, Stone BJ, Sun J, Jing LB, Fraumeni JF (1990) Indoor radon and lung cancer in China. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:10–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Bochicchio F, McLaughlin JP, Walsh C (2002) Comparison of radon exposure assessment results: 210Po surface activity on glass objects vs contemporary air radon concentration. Radiat Meas 36:211–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Boffetta P, Agudo A, Ahrens W, Benhamou E, Benhamou S, Darby SC, Ferro G, Fortes C, Gonzalez CA, Jöckel KH, Krauss M, Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Mendes A, Merletti F, Nyberg F, Pershagen G, Pohlabeln H, Riboli E, Schmid G, Simonato L, Tredaniel J, Whitley E, Wichmann HE, Winck C, Zambon P, Saracci R (1998) Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:1440–1450

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunekreef B (2003) Design of cohort studies for air pollution health effects. J Toxicol Environ Health A 66:1731–1734

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunekreef B, Holgate ST (2002) Air pollution and health. Lancet 360:1233–1242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll RJ, Ruppert D, Stefanski LA (1995) Measurement error in nonlinear models. Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrothers TJ, Evans JS (2000) Assessing the impact of differential measurement error on estimates of fine particle mortality. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 50:65–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen BL (1993) Relationship between exposure to radon and various types of cancer. Health Phys 65:529–531

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen BL (1997) Problems in the radon vs lung cancer test of the linear no-threshold theory and a procedure for resolving them. Health Phys 72:623–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darby SC, Whitley E, Silcocks P, Tharkar B, Green M, Lomas P, Miles J, Reeves G, Fearn T, Doll R (1998) Risk of lung cancer associated with residential radon exposure in south-west England: a case-control study. Br J Cancer 78:394–408

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darby SC, Hill D, Doll R (2001) Radon: a likely carcinogen at all exposures. Ann Oncol 12:1341–1351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darby S, Hill D, Auvinen A, Barros-Dios JM, Baysson H, Bochicchio F, Deo H, Falk R, Forastiere F, Hakama M, Heid I, Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Lagarde F, Makelainen I, Muirhead C, Oberaigner W, Pershagen G, Ruano-Ravina A, Ruosteenoja E, Rosario AS, Tirmarche M, Tomasek L, Whitley E, Wichmann HE, Doll R (2005) Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. Br Med J 330:223–227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dockery DW, Pope CA, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware JH, Fay ME, Ferris BG, Speizer FE (1993) An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N Engl J Med 329:1753–1759

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doll R, Peto R (1976) Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ 25:1525–1536

    Google Scholar 

  • Dominici F, Zeger SL, Samet JM (2000) A measurement error model for time-series studies of air pollution and mortality. Biostatistics 1:157–175

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebelt S, Brauer M, Cyrys J, Tuch T, Kreyling WG, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J (2001) Air quality in postunification Erfurt, East Germany: associating changes in pollutant concentrations with changes in emissions. Environ Health Perspect 109:325–333

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich R, Kattan M, Godbold J, Saltzberg DS, Grimm KT, Landrigan PJ, Lilienfeld DE (1992) Childhood asthma and passive smoking. Urinary cotinine as a biomarker of exposure. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:594–599

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ennemoser O, Ambach W, Auer T, Brunner P, Schneider P, Oberaigner W, Purtscheller F, Sting V (1994a) High indoor radon concentrations in an alpine region of western Tyrol. Health Phys 67:151–154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ennemoser O, Ambach W, Brunner P, Schneider P, Oberaigner W, Purtscheller F, Stingl V, Keller G (1994b) Unusually high indoor radon concentrations from a giant rock slide. Sci Total Environ 151:235–240

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EpiInfoTM (2000) A database and statistics program for public health professionals using Windows®; 95, 98, NT, and 2000 computers

    Google Scholar 

  • Field RW, Steck DJ, Smith BJ, Brus CP, Fisher EL, Neuberger JS, Platz CE, Robinson RA, Woolson RF, Lynch CF (2000) Residential radon gas exposure and lung cancer: the Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study. Am J Epidemiol 151:1091–1102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field RW, Smith BJ, Steck DJ, Lynch CF (2002) Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: variation in risk estimates using alternative exposure scenarios. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 12:197–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein MM (1991) Use of time windows to investigate lung cancer latency intervals at an Ontario steel plant. Am J Ind Med 19:229–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frye C, Heinrich J, Wjst M, Wichmann HE, Bitterfeld Study Group (2001) Increasing prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in three selected areas in East Germany. Eur Respir J 18:451–458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerken M, Kreienbrock L, Wellmann J, Kreuzer M, Wichmann HE (2000) Models for retrospective quantification of indoor radon exposure in case-control studies. Health Phys 78:268–278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham JD (1997) The role of epidemiology in regulatory risk assessment. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenland S (1989) Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis. Am J Public Health 79:340–349

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenland S, Sheppard AR, Kaune WT, Poole C, Kelsh MA (2000) A pooled analysis of magnetic fields, wire codes, and childhood leukemia. Childhood Leukemia-EMF Study Group. Epidemiology 11:624–634

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunby JA, Darby SC, Miles JC, Green BM, Cox DR (1993) Factors affecting indoor radon concentration in the United Kingdom. Health Phys 64:2–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habash RW, Brodsky LM, Leiss W, Krewski D, Repacholi M (2003a) Health risks of electromagnetic fields, part I: evaluation and assessment of electric and magnetic fields. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 31:141–195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Habash RW, Brodsky LM, Leiss W, Krewski D, Repacholi M (2003b) Health risks of electromagnetic fields, part II: evaluation and assessment of radio frequency radiation. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 31:197–254

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen MH, Hurwitz WN (1946) The problem of non-response in sample surveys. JASA 41:517–529

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann M, Lubin JH, Rosenberg PS, Wellmann J, Kreienbrock L (2000a) The use of sliding time windows for the exploratory analysis of temporal effects of smoking histories on lung cancer risk. Stat Med 19:2185–2194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann M, Wellmann J, Lubin JH, Rosenberg PS, Kreienbrock L (2000b) Analysis of exposure-time-response relationships using a spline weight function. Biometrics 56:1105–1108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heid IM (2002) Measurement error in exposure assessment: an error model and its impact on studies on lung cancer and residential radon exposure in Germany. Doctoral Thesis Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Google Scholar 

  • Heid IM, Küchenhoff H, Wellmann J, Gerken M, Kreienbrock L, Wichmann HE (2002) On the potential of measurement error to induce differential bias on odds ratio estimates: an example from radon epidemiology. Stat Med 21:3261–3278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heid IM, Schaffrath Rosario A, Kreienbrock L, Küchenhoff H, Wichmann HE (2006) The impact of measurement error on studies on lung cancer and residential radon exposure in Germany. J Toxicol Environ Health A 69:701–721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heidrich J, Wellmann J, Heuschmann PU, Kraywinkel K, Keil U (2007) Mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease attributable to passive smoking. Eur Heart J 28:2498–2502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich J, Hoelscher B, Wichmann HE (2000) Decline of ambient air pollution and respiratory symptoms in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:1930–1936

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich J, Hoelscher B, Frye C, Meyer I, Wjst M, Wichmann HE (2002) Trends in prevalence of atopic diseases and allergic sensitization in children in Eastern Germany. Eur Respir J 19:1040–1046

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heuschmann PU, Heidrich J, Wellmann J, Kraywinkel K, Keil U (2007) Stroke mortality and morbidity attributable to passive smoking in Germany. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 14: 793–795

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Verhoeff A, van Wijnen J, Fischer P (2000) Daily mortality and air pollution in The Netherlands. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 50:1380–1389

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander W, Morawietz G, Bake D, Laskus L, van Elzakker BG, van der Meulen A, Zierock KH (1990) A field intercomparison and fundamental characterization of various dust samplers with a reference sampler. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 40:881–886

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IARC, International Agency on Research on Cancer (2001) Ionizing radiation, part 2: Some internally deposited radionuclides. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol 78. International Agency on Research on Cancer, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibibarren C, Sharp D, Burchfield CM, Ping S, Dwyer JH (1996) Association of serum total cholesterol with coronary disease and all-cause mortality: multivariate correction for bias due to measurement error. Am J Epidemiol 143:463–471

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRP, International Commission on Radiological Protection (1993) Protection against radon 222 at home and at work. ICRP Publication 65. Annals of the ICRP, vol. 23, No 2. Didcot, Oxon

    Google Scholar 

  • IOM, Institute of Medicine (2000) Clearing the air: asthma and indoor air exposures. National Academic Press, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssens A (2004) Environmental radiation protection: philosophy, monitoring and standards. J Environ Radioact 72:65–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JHSM (2004) Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. http://www.hopkins-lungs.org/programs/asthma/. Accessed 8 May 2004

  • Johnson CC, Ownby DR, Zoratti EM, Hensley Alford S, Williams LK, Joseph CLM (2002) Environmental epidemiology of pediatric asthma and allergy. Epidemiol Rev 24:154–175

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalayci O, Sonna LA, Woodruff PG, Camargo CA Jr, Luster AD, Lilly CM (2004) Monocyte chemotactic protein-4 (MCP-4; CCL-13): a biomarker of asthma. J Asthma 41:27–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katsouyanni K, Touloumi G, Spix C, Schwartz J, Balducci F, Medina S, Rossi G, Wojtyniak B, Sunyer J, Bacharova L, Schouten JP, Ponka A, Anderson HR (1997) Short-term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: results from time series data from the APHEA project. Air pollution and health: A European approach. Br Med J 314:1658–1663

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H (1982) Epidemiologic research. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreienbrock L, Siehl A (1996) Multiple statistische Analyse von Radon-Erhebungsmessungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In: Siehl A (ed) Umweltradiaoaktivität – Geologie und Ökologie im Kontext. Ernst & Sohn, VCH, Berlin, pp 299–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreienbrock L, Poffijn A, Tirmarche M, Feider M, Kies A, Darby SC (1999) Intercomparison of passive Rn-detectors under field conditions in epidemiological studies. Health Phys 76:558–563

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Gerken M, Dingerkus G, Wellmann J, Keller G, Wichmann HE (2001) Case-control study on lung cancer and residential radon in West Germany. Am J Epidemiol 153:42–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreienbrock L, Pigeot I, Ahrens W (2012) Epidemiologische Methoden, 5th edn. (in German). Spektrum, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreuzer M, Heinrich J, Wölke G, Schaffrath Rosario A, Gerken M, Wellmann J, Keller G, Kreienbrock L, Wichmann HE (2003) Residential radon and risk of lung cancer in Eastern Germany. Epidemiology 14:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Krewski D, Burnett RT, Goldberg MS, Hoover K, Siemiatycki J, Abrahamowicz M, White WH (2004) Validation of the Harvard Six Cities Study of particulate air pollution and mortality. N Engl J Med 350:198–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, Alavanja M, Catalan VS, Field RW, Klotz JB, Létourneau EG, Lynch CF, Lyon JL, Sandler DP, Schoenberg JB, Steck DJ, Stolwijk JA, Weinberg C, Wilcox HB (2006) A combined analysis of North American case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. J Toxicol Environ Health A 69:533–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lagarde F, Pershagen G, Akerblom G, Axelson O, Bäverstam U, Damber L, Enflo A, Svartengren M, Swedjemark GA (1997) Residential radon and lung cancer in Sweden: risk analysis accounting for random error in the exposure assessment. Health Phys 72:269–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lagarde F, Axelsson G, Damber L, Mellander H, Nyberg F, Pershagen G (2001) Residential radon and lung cancer among never-smokers in Sweden. Epidemiology 12:396–404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Létourneau EG, Krewski D, Choi NW, Goddard MJ, McGregor RG, Zielinski JM, Du J (1994) Case-control study of residential radon and lung cancer in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Am J Epidemiol 140:310–322

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Locher W, Unschuld PU (1999) Geschichtliches zur Umweltmedizin. In: Wichmann HE, Schlipköter HW, Fülgraff G (eds) Handbuch der Umweltmedizin. ecomed, Landsberg/Lech, pp II-1.1–II-1.12

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubin JH (1988) Models for the analysis of radon-exposed populations. Yale J Biol Med 61:195–214

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubin JH, Steindorf K (1995) Cigarette use and the estimation of lung cancer attributable to radon in the United States. Radiat Res 141:79–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubin JH, Samet JM, Weinberg C (1990) Design issues in epidemiologic studies of indoor exposure to Rn and risk of lung cancer. Health Phys 59:807–817

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubin JH, Boice JD, Edling CH, Hornung R, Howe G, Kunz E, Kusiak A, Morrison HI, Radford EP, Samet JM, Tirmarche M, Woodward A, Xiang YS, Pierce DA (1994) Radon and lung cancer risk: a joint analysis of 11 underground miners studies. US National Institutes of Health. NIH publication No 94–3644

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr, Samet JM (1995) Errors in exposure assessment, statistical power and the interpretation of residential radon studies. Radiat Res 44:329–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallick B, Hoffmann FO, Carroll RJ (2002) Semiparametric regression modeling with mixtures of Berkson and classical error, with application to fallout from the Nevada test site. Biometrics 58:13–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menzler S, Piller G, Gruson M, Rosario AS, Wichmann HE, Kreienbrock L (2008) Population attributable fraction for lung cancer due to residential radon in Switzerland and Germany. Health Phys 95:179–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michels KB (2001) A renaissance for measurement error. Int J Epidemiol 30:421–422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miles JCH (1994) Mapping the proportion of the housing stock exceeding a radon reference level. Radiat Prot Dosim 56:207–210

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC, National Research Council (1991) Environmental epidemiology: public health and hazardous wastes. National Academy Press, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC, National Research Council (1999) Health effects of exposure to radon, BEIR VI. Committee on health risks of exposure to radon. Board on Radiation Effects Research, Commission on Life Science. National Academy Press, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberaigner W, Kreienbrock L, Schaffrath Rosario A, Kreuzer M, Wellmann J, Keller G, Gerken M, Langer B, Wichmann HE (2002) Radon und Lungenkrebs im Bezirk Imst/Österreich. Fortschritte in der Umweltmedizin. Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft, Landsberg am Lech

    Google Scholar 

  • Park JH, Spiegelman DL, Burge HA, Gold DR, Chew GL, Milton DK (2000) Longitudinal study of dust and airborne endotoxin in the home. Environ Health Perspect 108:1023–1028

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pekkanen J, Pearce N (2001) Environmental epidemiology: challenges and opportunities. Environ Health Perspect 109:1–5

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pershagen G, Liang ZH, Hrubec Z, Svensson C, Boice JD (1992) Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in women. Health Phys 63:179–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pershagen G, Akerblom G, Axelson O, Clavensjö B, Damber L, Desai G, Enflo A, Lagarde F, Mellander H, Svartengren M, Swedjemark GA (1994) Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in Sweden. N Engl J Med 330:159–164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinel J, Fearn T, Darby SC, Miles JCH (1994) Seasonal correction factors for indoor radon measurements in the United Kingdom. Radiat Prot Dosim 58:127–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponsonby AL, Couper D, Dwyer T, Carmichael A, Kemp A, Cochrane J (2000) The relation between infant indoor environment and subsequent asthma. Epidemiology 11:128–135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pope CA 3rd, Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Dockery DW, Evans JS, Speizer FE, Heath CW Jr (1995) Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:669–674

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prüss-Üstün A, Mathers C, Corvolán C, Woodward A (2003) Introduction and methods: assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels. WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No. 1. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves GK, Cox DR, Darby SC, Whitley E (1998) Some aspects of measurement error in explanatory variables for continuous and binary regression models. Stat Med 17:2157–2177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roemer WH, van Wijnen JH (2001) Daily mortality and air pollution along busy streets in Amsterdam, 1987–1998. Epidemiology 12:649–653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosner B, Willett WC, Spiegelman D (1989) Correction of logistic regression relative risk estimates and confidence intervals for systematic within-person measurement error. Stat Med 8:1051–1069

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Royston P, Sauerbrei W (2008) Multivariable model-building: a pragmatic approach to regression analysis based on fractional polynomials for modelling continuous variables. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruosteenoja E, Mäkeläinen I, Rytömaa T, Hakulinen T, Hakama M (1996) Radon and lung cancer in Finland. Health Phys 71:185–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samet JM, Stolwijk J, Rose S (1991) International workshop on residential radon-epidemiology. Health Phys 60:223–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samet JM, Zeger SL, Dominici F, Curriero F, Coursac I, Dockery DW, Schwartz J, Zanobetti A (2000) The national morbidity, mortality, and air pollution study, part II: morbidity and mortality from air pollution in the United States. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 94:5–70; discussion 71–79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenberg JB, Klotz JB, Wilcox HB, Nicholls GP, Gil-del-Real MT, Stemhagen A, Mason TJ (1990) Case-control study of residential radon and lung cancer among New Jersey women. Cancer Res 50:6250–6254

    Google Scholar 

  • Schüttmann W (1992) Das Radonproblem im Bergbau und in Wohnungen – Historische Aspekte. In: Reiners C, Streffer C, Messerschmidt O (eds) Strahlenrisiko durch Radon. Gustac Fischer, Stuttgart/Jena/New York, pp 5–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Schüz J, Grigat JP, Brinkmann K, Michaelis J (2001) Residential magnetic fields as a risk factor for childhood acute leukemia: results from a German population based case-control study. Int J Cancer 91:728–735

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slimani N, Kaaks R, Ferrari P, Casagrande C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Lotze G, Kroke A, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A, Lauria C, Bellegotti M, Ocke MC, Peeters PH, Engeset D, Lund E, Agudo A, Larranaga N, Mattisson I, Andren C, Johansson I, Davey G, Welch AA, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Van Staveren WA, Saracci R, Riboli E (2002) European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study: rationale, design and population characteristics. Public Health Nutr 5:1125–1145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steindorf K, Lubin JH, Wichmann HE, Becher H (1995) Lung cancer deaths attributable to indoor radon exposure in West Germany. Int J Epidemiol 24:485–492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stidley AC, Samet JM (1993) A review of ecologic studies of lung cancer and indoor radon. Health Phys 65:234–251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas D, Stram D, Dwyer J (1993) Exposure measurement error: Influence on exposure-disease relationships and methods of correction. Annu Rev Public Health 14:69–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomášek L, Müller T, Kunz E, Heribanová A, Matzner J, Plaček V, Burian I, Holeček J (2001) Study of lung cancer and residential radon in the Czech Republic. Centr Eur J Public Health 9:150–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Tosteson TD, Stefanski LA, Schafer DW (1989) A measurement-error model for binary and ordinal regression. Stat Med 8:1139–1147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000) Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR 2000 report to the general assembly, with scientific annexes. Vol. I: Sources. United Nations, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Vedal S, Brauer M, White R, Petkau J (2003) Air pollution and daily mortality in a city with low levels of pollution. Environ Health Perspect 111:45–51

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace LA, Mitchell H, O’Connor GT, Neas L, Lippmann M, Kattan M, Koenig J, Stout JW, Vaughn BJ, Wallace D, Walter M, Adams K, Liu LJS (2003) Particle concentrations in inner-city homes of children with Asthma: the effect of smoking, cooking, and outdoor pollution. Environ Health Perspect 111:1265–1272

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Lubin JH, Wang L, Zhang S, Boice JD Jr, Cui H, Zhang S, Conrath S, Xia Y, Shang B, Brenner A, Lei S, Metayer C, Cao J, Chen KW, Lei S, Kleinerman RA (2002) Residential radon and lung cancer risk in a high-exposure area of Gansu Province, China. Am J Epidemiol 155:554–564

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warner KE, Mendez D, Courant PN (1996) Toward a more realistic appraisal of the lung cancer risk from radon: The effects of residential mobility. Am J Public Health 86:1222–1227

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiland SK, Mundt KA, Ruckmann A, Keil U (1994) Self-reported wheezing and allergic rhinitis in children and traffic density on street of residence. Ann Epidemiol 4:243–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer N, Leeper E (1979) Electric wiring configurations and childhood cancer. Am J Epidemiol 109:273–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wichmann HE, Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Gerken M, Dingerkus G, Wellmann J, Keller G (1998) Lungenkrebsrisiko durch Radon in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (West). ecomed, Landsberg/Lech

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language (1989) Portland House, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellmann J, Miles J, Kreienbrock L (2001) Identification of outliers in an international radon intercomparison exercise. In: Kunert J, Trenkler G (eds) Mathematical statistics with applications in biometry. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. Dr. Siegfried Schach. Josel Eul, Lohmar/ Köln, pp 253–262

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO, World Health Organization (2000) Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edn. WHO Regional Publications, European Series No 91. WHO, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf-Ostermann K, Luttmann H, Treiber-Klötzer C, Kreienbrock L, Wichmann HE (1995) Kohortenstudie zu Atemwegserkrankungen und Lungenfunktion bei Schulkindern in Südwestdeutschland – Teil 3: Einfluß von Rauchen und Passivrauchen. Zentralblatt für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin 197:459–488

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeger SL, Thomas D, Dominici F, Samet JM, Schwartz J, Dockery D, Cohen A (2000) Exposure measurement error in time-series studies of air pollution: concepts and consequences. Environ Health Perspect 108:419–426

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author likes to thank Michael Gerken, Michael Hauptmann, Iris Heid, Michaela Kreuzer, Wilhelm Oberaigner, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, H.-Erich Wichmann, and Jürgen Wellmann for their substantial help in preparing this manuscript and Judith McAlister-Hermann for her work in reviewing. A very special gratitude for their help and patience has to be offered to the editors of this handbook, Wolfgang Ahrens and Iris Pigeot, and to the reviewers for their helpful comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany

    Lothar Kreienbrock

Authors
  1. Lothar Kreienbrock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiologic Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

    Wolfgang Ahrens

  2. Department of Biometry and Data Management, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

    Iris Pigeot

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this entry

Cite this entry

Kreienbrock, L. (2014). Environmental Epidemiology. In: Ahrens, W., Pigeot, I. (eds) Handbook of Epidemiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_25

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09833-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09834-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation