Abstract
Prior findings indicate that trait anhedonia enhances the likelihood of becoming a tobacco smoker, and preliminary evidence suggests that smoking abstinence leads to anhedonic states in some individuals and situations, and nicotine administration reduces anhedonic states. Nevertheless, many vital questions exist concerning relationships between anhedonia and nicotine dependence, including situational and individual difference factors that may moderate the strength of these associations. This chapter provides a critical review of the literature assessing relationships of anhedonia to nicotine dependence and the effects of acute nicotine through the lenses of the Research Domain Criteria’s (RDoC) Positive Valence Systems (NIMH, RDoC changes to the matrix (CMAT) workgroup update: proposed positive valence domain revisions. A report by the national advisory mental health council workgroup on changes to the research domain criteria matrix, 2018) and the Situation x Trait Affective Response (STAR) model of nicotine’s effects and nicotine dependence (Gilbert, Smoking individual differences, psychopathology, and emotion. Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, 1995; Gilbert, Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 12:S89–S102, 1997). The effects of nicotine and nicotine withdrawal on subjective, behavioral, and brain indices vary across the three RDoC Positive Valences Systems (Reward Responsiveness, Reward Learning, and Reward Valuation) in a manner that supports the research and potential clinical utility of using RDoC criteria and the STAR model to guide research and clinical innovation. We provide a revision of the STAR model that incorporates the three RDoC Positive Valence Systems with evidence that nicotine’s effects on hedonic and affective processes vary as a function of the dominance/salience of (1) situational hedonic and affective cues and task/active coping cues, and (2) state executive functioning level/capacity and state reward sensitivity such that these effects of nicotine are maximal during states of suboptimal cognitive functioning and reward sensitivity, combined with low situational stimulus salience and low task-related cues/demands.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Addicott MA, Baranger DA, Kozink RV, Smoski MJ, Dichter GS, McClernon FJ (2012) Smoking withdrawal is associated with increases in brain activation during decision making and reward anticipation: a preliminary study. Psychopharmacology 219:563–573
Addicott MA, Oliver JA, McClernon FJ (2017) Nicotine increases anterior insula activation to expected and unexpected outcomes among nonsmokers. Psychopharmacology 234:1145–1154
Addicott MA, Sweitzer MM, McClernon FJ (2019) The effects of nicotine and tobacco use on brain reward function: interaction with nicotine dependence severity. Nicotine Tob Res 21:764–771. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty059
Al-Adawi S, Powell J (1997) The influence of smoking on reward responsiveness and cognitive functions: a natural experiment. Addiction 92:1773–1782
Anderson KG, Diller JW (2010) Effects of acute and repeated nicotine administration on delay discounting in Lewis and Fischer 344 rats. Behav Pharmacol 21:754–764. https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e328340a050
Ashare RL, Falcone M, Lerman C (2014) Cognitive function during nicotine withdrawal: implications for nicotine dependence treatment. Neuropharmacology 76:581–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.034
Audrain-McGovern J, Wileyto EP, Ashare R, Cuevas J, Strasser AA (2014) Reward and affective regulation in depression-prone smokers. Biol Psychiatry 76:689–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.018
Baker TE, Zeighami Y, Dagher A, Holroyd CB (2020) Smoking decisions: altered reinforcement learning signals induced by nicotine state. Nicotine Tob Res 22:164–171. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty136
Barr RS, Pizzagalli DA, Culhane MA, Goff DC, Evins AE (2008) A single dose of nicotine enhances reward responsiveness in nonsmokers: implications for development of dependence. Biol Psychiatry 63:1061–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.015
Bühler M, Vollstädt-Klein S, Kobiella A et al (2010) Nicotine dependence is characterized by disordered reward processing in a network driving motivation. Biol Psychiatry 67(8):745–752
Cabanac M (1971) Physiological role of pleasure. Science 173:1103–1107. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.4002.1103
Caggiula AR, Donny EC, Palmatier MI, Liu X, Chaudhri N, Sved AF (2009) The role of nicotine in smoking: a dual-reinforcement model. Neb Symp Motiv 55:91–109
Clemens K, Castino M, Cornish J et al (2014) Behavioral and neural substrates of habit formation in rats intravenously self-administering nicotine. Neuropsychopharmacology 39:2584–2593. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.111
Conklin CA, Robin N, Perkins KA, Salkeld RP, McClernon FJ (2008) Proximal versus distal cues to smoke: the effects of environments on smokers’ cue-reactivity. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 16:207–214
Cook JW, Piper ME, Leventhal AM, Schlam TR, Fiore MC, Baker TB (2015) Anhedonia as a component of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome. J Abnorm Psychol 124:215–225
Dawkins L, Acaster S, Powell JH (2007) The effects of smoking and abstinence on experience of happiness and sadness in response to positively valenced, negatively valenced, and neutral film clips. Addict Behav 32:425–431
DeHart WB, Friedel JE, Berry M, Frye CCJ, Galizio A, Odum AL (2020) Comparison of delay discounting of different outcomes in cigarette smokers, smokeless tobacco users, e-cigarette users, and non-tobacco users. J Experi Anal Beh. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.623
Donny EC, Chaudhri N, Caggiula AR et al (2003) Operant responding for a visual reinforcer in rats is enhanced by noncontingent nicotine: implications for nicotine self-administration and reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 169:68–76
Drobes DJ, Tiffany ST (1997) Induction of smoking urge through imaginal and in vivo procedures: physiological and self-report manifestations. J Abnorm Psychol 106:15–25
Eysenck HJ (1980) The causes and effects of smoking. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA
Fedota JR, Stein EA (2015) Resting-state functional connectivity and nicotine addiction: prospects for biomarker development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1349(1):64–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12882
Fedota JR, Sutherland MT, Salmeron BJ, Ross TJ, Hong LE, Stein EA (2015) Reward anticipation is differentially modulated by varenicline and nicotine in smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:2038–2046
Field M, Santarcangelo M, Sumnall H et al (2006) Delay discounting and the behavioural economics of cigarette purchases in smokers: the effects of nicotine deprivation. Psychopharmacology 186:255–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0385-4
Gancarz AM, Ashrafioun L, San George MA, Hausknecht KA, Hawk LW Jr, Richards JB (2012) Exploratory studies in sensory reinforcement in male rats: effects of methamphetamine. Exp Clin Psychopharm 20:16–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025701
Gard DE, Gard MG, Kring AM, John OP (2006) Anticipatory and consummatory components of the experience of pleasure: a scale development study. J Res Personality 40:1086–1102
Garfield JB, Lubman DI, Yucel M (2014) Anhedonia in substance use disorders: a systematic review of its nature, course and clinical correlates. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 48:36–51
George O, Koob GF (2017) Overview of nicotine withdrawal and negative reinforcement (preclinical). In: Hall FS, Young JW, Der-Avakian A (eds) Negative affective state and cognitive impairments in nicotine dependence. Academic Press, London, pp 1–20
Gilbert DG (1995) Smoking individual differences, psychopathology, and emotion. Taylor and Francis, Washington
Gilbert DG, Gilbert BO (1995) Personality, psychopathology, and nicotine response as mediators of the genetics of smoking. Behav Genet 25(2):133–147
Gilbert DG (1997) The situation × trait adaptive response (STAR) model of drug use, effects, and craving. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 12:S89–S102
Gilbert DG, Pergadia ML (2017) Withdrawal and depression: clinical studies. A four-factor model for more accurate characterization. In: Hall FS, Young JW, Der-Avakian A (eds) Negative affective states and cognitive impairments in nicotine dependence. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802574-1.00017-x
Gilbert DG, Estes SL, Welser R (1997) Does noise stress modulate effects of smoking/nicotine? Mood, vigilance, and EEG responses. Psychopharmacology 129:382–389
Gilbert DG, McClernon FJ, Rabinovich N, Plath LC, Jensen RA, Meliska CJ (1998) Effects of smoking abstinence on mood and craving in men: influences of negative-affect-related personality traits, habitual nicotine intake, and repeated measurements. Personal Individ Differ 25:399–423
Gilbert DG, McClernon FJ, Rabinovich NE, Dibb WD, Plath LC, Hiyane S, Jensen RA, Meliska CJ, Estes SL, Gehlbach BA (1999) EEG, physiology, and task-related mood fail to resolve across 31 days of smoking abstinence: relations to depressive traits, nicotine exposure, and dependence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 7:427–443
Gilbert DG, Dibb WD, Plath LC, Hiyane SG (2000a) Effects of nicotine and caffeine, separately and in combination, on EEG topography, mood, heart rate, cortisol, and vigilance. Psychophysiology 37:583–595
Gilbert DG, Sharpe JP, Ramanaiah NV, Detwiler FRJ, Anderson AE (2000b) Development of a situation × trait adaptive response (STAR) model-based smoking motivation questionnaire. Personal Individ Differ 29:65–84
Gilbert DG, McClernon FJ, Rabinovich NE, Plath LC, Masson CL, Anderson AE, Sly KF (2002) Mood disturbance fails to resolve across 31 days of cigarette abstinence in women. J Consult Clin Psychol 70:142–152
Gilbert DG, McClernon FJ, Rabinovich NE, Sugai C, Plath LC, Asgaard G, Zuo Y, Huggenvik JI, Botros N (2004) Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine Tob Res 6:249–267
Gilbert DG, Rabinovich NE, Gilbert-Matuskowitz EA, Klein KP, Pergadia ML (2019) Smoking abstinence symptoms across 67 days compared with randomized controls – moderation by nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and negative-affect traits. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 27:536–551. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000278
Grosskopf CM, Kroemer NB, Pooseh S et al (2021) Temporal discounting and smoking cessation: choice consistency predicts nicotine abstinence in treatment-seeking smokers. Psychopharmacology 238:399–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05688-5
Heishman SK, Kleykamp BA, Singleton EG (2010) Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance. Psychopharmacology 210:453–469
Higgins ST, Heil SH, Lussier JP (2004) Clinical implications of reinforcement as a determinant of substance use disorders. Annu Rev Psychol 55(1):431–461. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142033
Hogarth L, Retzler C, Munafò MR, Tran DMD, Ii T, Rose AK, Jones A, Field M (2014) Extinction of cue-evoked drug-seeking relies on degrading hierarchical instrumental expectancies. Behav Res Ther 59:61–70
Hogle JM, Kaye JT, Curtin JJ (2010) Nicotine withdrawal increases threat-induced anxiety but not fear: neuroadaptation in human addiction. Biol Psychiatry 68(8):719–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.003
Hughes JR, Budney AJ, Muellers SR, Lee DC, Callas PW, Sigmon SC, Fingar JR, Priest J (2017) Does tobacco abstinence decrease reward sensitivity? A human laboratory test. Nicotine Tob Res 19(6):677–685. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw204
Hughes JR, Klemperer EM, Peasley-Miklus C (2020) Possible new symptoms of tobacco withdrawal II: anhedonia-a systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res 22:11–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty171
Janes A, Pedrelli P, Whitton A, Pechtel P, Douglas S, Martinson MA, Huz I, Fava M, Pizzagalli DA, Evins AE (2015) Reward responsiveness varies by smoking status in women with a history of major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:1940–1946. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.43
Janes AC, Zegel M, Ohashi K, Betts J, Molokotos E, Olson D, Moran L, Pizzagalli DA (2018) Nicotine normalizes cortico-striatal connectivity in non-smoking individuals with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 43:2445–2451
Jha MK, Miller AH, Minhajuddin A, Trivedi MH (2018) Association of T and non-T cell cytokines with anhedonia: role of gender differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology 95:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.017
Karelitz JL, Perkins KA (2018) Tobacco smoking may delay habituation of reinforcer effectiveness in humans. Psychopharmacology 235:2315–2321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4927-3
Kumar P, Goer F, Murray L, Dillon DG, Beltzer ML, Cohen AL, Brooks NH, Pizzagalli DA (2018) Impaired reward prediction error encoding and striatal-midbrain connectivity in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 43:1581–1588. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-018-0032-x
Lawn W, Freeman TP, Hindocha C et al (2015) The effects of nicotine dependence and acute abstinence on the processing of drug and non-drug rewards. Psychopharmacology 232:2503–2517
Leventhal AE, Waters AJ, Kahler CW, Ray LA, Sussman S (2009) Relations between anhedonia and smoking motivation. Nicotine Tob Res 11:1047–1054
Leventhal AM, Bello MS, Unger JB, Strong DR, Kirkpatrick MG, Audrain-McGovern J (2015) Diminished alternative reinforcement as a mechanism underlying socioeconomic disparities in adolescent substance use. Prev Med 80:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.05.021
Liverant GI, Sloan DM, Pizzagalli DA, Harte CB, Kamholz BW, Rosebrock LE, Cohen AL, Fava M, Kaplan GB (2014) Associations among smoking, anhedonia, and reward learning in depression. Behav Ther 45(5):651–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.004
Lloyd DR, Hausknecht KA, Richards JB (2014) Nicotine and methamphetamine disrupt habituation of sensory reinforcer effectiveness in male rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 22:166–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034741
Loughead J, Wileyto EP, Ruparel K, Falcone M, Hopson R, Gur R, Lerman C (2015) Working memory-related neural activity predicts future smoking relapse. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:1311–1320. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.318
Marchetti I, Koster EH, Sonuga-Barke EJ, De Raedt R (2012) The default mode network and recurrent depression: a neurobiological model of cognitive risk factors. Neuropsychol Rev 22(3):229–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-012-9199-9
McClernon FJ, Hiott FB, Westman EC et al (2006) Transdermal nicotine attenuates depression symptoms in nonsmokers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology 189:125–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0516-y
Meliska CJ, Stunkard ME, Gilbert DG, Jensen RA, Martinko JM (1995) Immune function in cigarette smokers who quit smoking for 31 days. J Allergy Clin Immunol 95:901–910
Mitchell SH (2004) Effects of short-term nicotine deprivation on decisionmaking: delay, uncertainty and effort discounting. Nicotine Tob Res 6(5):819–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200412331296002
Mineur YS, Abizaid A, Rao Y, Salas R, Dileone RJ, Gündisch D, Diano S, de Biasi M, Horvath TL, Gao X-B, Picciotto MR (2011) Nicotine decreases food intake through activation of POMC neurons. Science 332:1330–1332
Nandam LS, Brazel M, Zhou M, Jhaveri DJ (2020) Cortisol and major depressive disorder-translating findings from humans to animal models and back. Front Psychiatry 10:974. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00974
Newhouse PA, Potter A, Singh A (2004) Effects of nicotinic stimulation on cognitive performance. Curr Opin Pharmacol 4:36–46
Nikčević AV, Alma L, Marino C, Kolubinski D, Yılmaz-Samancı AE, Caselli G, Spada MM (2017) Modelling the contribution of negative affect, outcome expectancies and metacognitions to cigarette use and nicotine dependence. Addict Behav 74:82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.06.002
NIMH (2018) RDoC changes to the matrix (CMAT) workgroup update: proposed positive valence domain revisions. A report by the national advisory mental health council workgroup on changes to the research domain criteria matrix
Pergadia ML, Der-Avakian A, D’Souza MS, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Shiffman S, Markou A, Pizzagalli DA (2014) Association between nicotine withdrawal and reward responsiveness in humans and rats. JAMA Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1016
Perkins KA (1999) Baseline-dependency of nicotine effects: a review. Behav Pharmacol 10:597–615. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199911000-00006
Perkins KA, Karelitz JL (2013) Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking. Psychopharmacology 223:479–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3054-4
Perkins KA, Karelitz JL, Boldry MC (2017) Nicotine acutely enhances reinforcement from non-drug rewards in humans. Front Psychiatry 8:65–76. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00065
Perkins KA, Karelitz JL, Boldry MC (2019) Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine via patch and nasal spray. Nicotine Tob Res 21:778–783. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty038
Pizzagalli D (2011) Frontocingulate dysfunction in depression: toward biomarkers of treatment response. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:183–206. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.166Pizzagalli
Pizzagalli DA, Jahn AL, O’Shea JP (2005) Toward an objective characterization of an anhedonic phenotype: a signal-detection approach. Biol Psychiatry 57:319–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.026
Powell J, Dawkins L, Davis RE (2002) Smoking, reward responsiveness, and response inhibition: tests of an incentive motivational model. Biol Psychiatry 51:151–163
Regner MF, Tregellas J, Kluger B, Wylie K, Gowin JL, Tanabe J (2019) The insula in nicotine use disorder: functional neuroimaging and implications for neuromodulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 103:414–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.002
Risner ME, Goldberg SR (1983) A comparison of nicotine and cocaine self-administration in the dog: fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules of intravenous drug infusion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224(2):319–326
Robinson T, Berridge KC (1993) The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Rev 18:247–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-P
Rose EJ, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Lee M, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA, Stein EA (2013) Acute nicotine differentially impacts anticipatory valence- and magnitude-related striatal activity. Biol Psychiatry 73:280–288
Russell T, Robinson M (2019) Effects of Nicotine exposure and anxiety on motivation for reward and gambling-like cues under reward uncertainty. Behav Neurosci 133. https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000311
Schultz W (1997) A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275:1593–1599
Silverman K, Kirby KC, Griffiths RR (1994a) Modulation of drug reinforcement by behavioral requirements following drug ingestion. Psychopharmacology 114(2):243–247
Silverman K, Mumford GK, Griffiths RR (1994b) Enhancing caffeine reinforcement by behavioral requirements following drug ingestion. Psychopharmacology 114:424–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02249332
Spring B, Cook JW, Appelhans B, Maloney A, Richmond M, Vaughn J, Vanderveen J, Hedeker D (2008) Nicotine effects on affective response in depression-prone smokers. Psychopharmacology 196(3):461–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0977-7
Sutherland MT, Stein EA (2018) Functional neurocircuits and neuroimaging biomarkers of tobacco use disorder. Trends Mol Med 24:129–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2017.12.002
Sutherland MT, Yanes JA, Stein EA (2017) Neuroimaging insights into the multifaceted nature of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. In: Hall FS, Young JW, Der-Avakian A (eds) Negative affective states and cognitive impairments in nicotine dependence. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 311–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802574-1.00017-x
Sweitzer MM, Donny EC, Dierker LC, Flory JD, Manuck SB (2008) Delay discounting and smoking: association with the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence but not cigarettes smoked per day. Nicotine Tob Res 10:1571–1575
Treadway MT, Buckholtz JW, Schwartzman AN, Lambert WE, Zald DH (2009) Worth the ‘EEfRT’? The effort expenditure for rewards task as an objective measure of motivation and anhedonia. PLoS One 4(8):e6598. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006598
Venniro M, Russell TI, Zhang M, Shaham Y (2019) Operant social reward decreases incubation of heroin craving in male and female rats. Biol Psychiatry 86:848–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.018
Volkow ND, Michaelides M, Baler R (2019) The neuroscience of drug reward and addiction. Physiol Rev 99:2115–2140. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00014.2018
Voss AT, Floyd RG, Campbell KW, Dennhardt AA, MacKillop J, Murphy JG (2021) Psychometric evaluation of the reward probability index in emerging adult drinkers. Psychol Addict Behav 35(4):432–443. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000712
Wachter NJ, Gilbert DG (2013) Nicotine differentially modulates antisaccade eye-gaze away from emotional stimuli in nonsmokers stratified by pre-task baseline performance. Psychopharmacology 225:561–568
Wang D, Gao T, Zhao Y, Mao Y, Sheng Z, Lan Q (2019) Nicotine exerts neuroprotective effects by attenuating local inflammatory cytokine production following crush injury to rat sciatic nerves. Eur Cytokine Netw 30(2):59–66. https://doi.org/10.1684/ecn.2019.0426
Wang KS, Zegel M, Molokotos E, Moran LV, Olson DP, Pizzagalli DA, Janes AC (2020) The acute effects of nicotine on corticostriatal responses to distinct phases of reward processing. Neuropsychopharmacology 45:1207–1214
Whitton AE, Rabinovich NE, Lindt JD, Pergadia ML, Pizzagalli DA, Gilbert DG (2021) Genetic and depressive traits moderate the reward-enhancing effects of acute nicotine in young light smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 23:1779–1786. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab072
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gilbert, D.G., Stone, B.M. (2022). Anhedonia in Nicotine Dependence. In: Pizzagalli, D.A. (eds) Anhedonia: Preclinical, Translational, and Clinical Integration. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 58. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_320
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_320
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-09682-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-09683-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)