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Screening Strategies for Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water

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The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Abstract

Disinfection by-products (DBPs), formed during drinking water treatment, are ubiquitous in disinfected drinking water and are generally found at levels 1,000-fold higher than other emerging contaminants like pharmaceuticals and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). More than 700 DBP structures are known, yet ~70% of the halogenated organics are still unknown in chlorinated drinking water. Moreover, it is currently not known which DBPs are responsible for the adverse human health effects observed in human epidemiologic studies. Thus, non-target screening strategies are critical. Popular screening strategies include gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). GCxGC-MS is also sometimes used for complex samples. Other novel screening methods include supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)-MS, a new thiol reactome method, a stable isotope labeling approach, precursor ion scan, and precursor ion exclusion, along with custom software and a new database to conduct suspect screening of chlorination by-products of emerging contaminants. Halogen-specific total organic halogen also continues to be an important tool to assess the total concentration of halogenated DBPs, including known DBPs and unknown DBPs, not yet identified. This review article details these DBP screening strategies, with a particular focus on new papers reported in the last 5 years.

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Acknowledgments

SR acknowledges NSF grants 1705206 and 2042016 and NIEHS Grant 1P01ES028942-01. CP acknowledges grant RYC2020-028901-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ESF investing in your future.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

    Susan D. Richardson

  2. Technologies for Water Management and Treatment Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Cristina Postigo

  3. Institute for Water Research (IdA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Cristina Postigo

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  1. Susan D. Richardson
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Correspondence to Susan D. Richardson .

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Richardson, S.D., Postigo, C. (2023). Screening Strategies for Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water. In: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2023_1057

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2023_1057

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