Skip to main content

The Natural Course of Impaired Fasting Glucose

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Medical Research and Innovation

Abstract

Impaired glucose regulation, including diabetes and prediabetes, poses a huge global problem not only in health but also in the epidemiological and economic areas. These disorders are often detected too late or remain unrecognized. The article aims to provide a review of the prevalence, etiology, and natural history of impaired fasting glucose (IFG). We focus on the progression of isolated IFG to full-fledged type 2 diabetes and the factors conducive to the development of diabetes. The knowledge about it could help design an optimal management program for the prevention of diabetes in patients with IFG; a program that would be patient-tailored and based on the underlying pathophysiology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdul-Ghani MA, Jenkinson CP, Richardson DK, Tripathy D, DeFronzo RA (2006) Insulin secretion and action in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: results from the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study. Diabetes 55(5):1430–1435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abraham TM, Fox CS (2013) Implications of rising prediabetes prevalence. Diabetes Care 36(8):2139–2141

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • ADA (2020) American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care 43(Suppl 1):S14–S31

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al (2009) Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120(16):1640–1645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes Association (2020) 3. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care 43(Suppl 1):S32–S36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basu R, Barosa C, Jones J, Dube S, Carter R, Basu A, Rizza RA (2013) Pathogenesis of prediabetes: role of the liver in isolated fasting hyperglycemia and combined fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(3):E409–E417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bullard KM, Saydah SH, Imperatore G, Cowie CC, Gregg EW, Geiss LS, Cheng YJ, Rolka DB, Williams DE, Caspersen CJ (2013) Secular changes in U.S. prediabetes prevalence defined by hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999-2010. Diabetes Care 36(8):2286–2293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Butler AE, Janson J, Bonner-Weir S, Ritzel R, Rizza RA, Butler PC (2003) β-cell deficit and increased β-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52(1):102–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buysschaert M, Medina JL, Buysschaert B, Bergman M (2016) Definitions (and current controversies) of diabetes and prediabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 12(1):8–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2020) Centers for disease control and prevention, National diabetes statistics report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan JCN, Malik V, Jia W, Kadowaki T, Yajnik CS, Yoon KH, Hu FB (2009) Diabetes in Asia: epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology. JAMA 301(20):2129–2140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee R, Maruthur NM, Edelman D (2015) Novel risk factors for type 2 diabetes in African-Americans. Curr Diab Rep 15(12):103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterton H, Younger T, Fischer A, Khunti K, Programme Development Group (2012) Risk identification and interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes in adults at high risk: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 345:e4624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M, STOP-NIDDM Trail Research Group (2002) Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 359(9323):2072–2077

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Stehouwer CD, Nijpels G, Bouter LM, Heine RJ (1998) The 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria versus the 1985 World Health Organization criteria for the diagnosis of abnormal glucose tolerance: poor agreement in the Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care 21(10):1686–1690

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Jager A, Hienkens E, Kostense PJ, Stehouwer CD, Nijpels G, Bouter LM, Heine RJ (2001) Relation of impaired fasting and postload glucose with incident type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population: The Hoorn Study. JAMA 285(16):2109–2113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DECODE Study Group (2003) Age- and sex-specific prevalences of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 13 European cohorts. Diabetes Care 26(1):61–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeFronzo RA (2004) Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am 88(4):787–835

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeFronzo RA, Abdul-Ghani M (2011) Assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk in prediabetes: impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Am J Cardiol 108(3 Suppl):3B–24B

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D, Schwenke DC et al (2013) Prevention of diabetes with pioglitazone in ACT NOW: physiologic correlates. Diabetes 62(11):3920–3926

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, Punthakee Z, Goldenberg R, Katz P (2018) Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Can J Diabetes 42(Suppl 1):S10–S15

    Google Scholar 

  • DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone medication) Trial Investigators, Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, Pogue J, Sheridan P, Dinccag N, Hanefeld M, Hoogwerf B, Laakso M, Mohan V, Shaw J, Zinman B, Holman RR (2006) Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 368(9541):1096–1105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunstan DW, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, De Courten MP, Cameron AJ, Sicree RA, Dwyer T, Colagiuri S, Jolley D, Knuiman M, Atkins R, Shaw JE (2002) The rising prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study. Diabetes Care 25(5):829–834

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eades CE, France EF, Evans JMM (2016) Prevalence of impaired glucose regulation in Europe: a meta-analysis. Eur J Pub Health 26(4):699–706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Færch K, Witte DR, Tabák AG, Perreault L, Herder C, Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M, Vistisen D (2013) Trajectories of cardiometabolic risk factors before diagnosis of three subtypes of type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the longitudinal Whitehall II cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 1(1):43–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fonseca VA (2009) Defining and characterizing the progression of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(Suppl 2):S151–S156

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Forouhi NG, Balkau B, Borch-Johnsen K, Dekker J, Glumer C, Qiao Q, Spijkerman A, Stolk R, Tabac A, Wareham NJ, EDEG (2006) The threshold for diagnosing impaired fasting glucose: a position statement by the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Diabetologia 49(5):822–827

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gabir MM, Hanson RL, Dabelea D, Imperatore G, Roumain J, Bennett PH, Knowler WC (2000a) The 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1999 World Health Organization criteria for hyperglycemia in the diagnosis and prediction of diabetes. Diabetes Care 23(8):1108–1112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gabir MM, Hanson RL, Dabelea D, Imperatore G, Roumain J, Bennett PH, Knowler WC (2000b) Plasma glucose and prediction of microvascular disease and mortality: evaluation of 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1999 World Health Organization criteria for diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 23(8):1113–1118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gagliardino JJ, Elgart JF, Bourgeois M et al (2018) Diabetes primary prevention program: new insights from data analysis of recruitment period. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2943

  • Garber AJ, Handelsman Y, Einhorn D et al (2008) Diagnosis and management of prediabetes in the continuum of hyperglycemia – when do the risks of diabetes begin? A consensus statement from the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Endocr Pract 14(7):933–946

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerstein HC, Santaguida P, Raina P, Morrison KM, Balion C, Hunt D, Yazdi H, Booker L (2007) Annual incidence and relative risk of diabetes in people with various categories of dysglycemia: a systematic overview and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 78(3):305–312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillett MJ (2009) International expert committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(7): 1327–1334, Clin Biochem Rev 30(4):197–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Guess ND (2018) Dietary interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in high-risk groups: current state of evidence and future research needs. Nutrients 10(9):1245

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanley AJ, Zinman B, Sheridan P, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, Diabetes Reduction Assessment With Ramipril and Rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) Investigators (2010) Effect of rosiglitazone and ramipril on β-cell function in people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: the Dream Trial. Diabetes Care 33(3):608–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, Eberhardt MS, Goldstein DE, Little RR, Wiedmeyer HM, Byrd-Holt DD (1998) Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in US adults: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Diabetes Care 21(4):518–524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heianza Y, Arase Y, Fujihara K, Tsuji H, Saito K, Hsieh SD, Kodama S, Shimano H, Yamada N, Hara S, Sone H (2012) Screening for pre-diabetes to predict future diabetes using various cut-off points for HbA1c and impaired fasting glucose: the Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 4 (TOPICS 4). Diabet Med 29(9):e279–e285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Cai X, Mai W, Li M, Hu W (2016) Association between prediabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 355:i5953

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM (2006) Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 444(7121):840–846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karve A, Hayward RA (2010) Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in nondiabetic U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 33(11):2355–2359

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SH, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Liu A, Ariel D, Schaaf P, Grove K, Tomasso V, Ochoa H, Liu YV, Chen YD, Reaven G (2013) Benefits of liraglutide treatment in overweight and obese older individuals with prediabetes. Diabetes Care 36(10):3276–3282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346(6):393–403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Christophi CA, Hoffman HJ, Brenneman AT, Brown-Friday JO, Goldberg R, Venditti E, Nathan DM (2009) 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 374(9702):1677–1686

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ko GT, Chan JC, Cockram CS (2001) Change of glycaemic status in Chinese subjects with impaired fasting glycaemia. Diabet Med 18(9):745–748

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levitzky YS, Pencina MJ, D’Agostino RB, Meigs JB, Murabito JM, Vasan RS, Fox CS (2008) Impact of impaired fasting glucose on cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(3):264–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meigs JB, Muller DC, Nathan DM, Blake DR, Andres R, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (2003) The natural history of progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Diabetes 52(6):1475–1484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menke A, Casagrande S, Cowie CC (2018) Contributions of A1c, fasting plasma glucose, and 2-hour plasma glucose to prediabetes prevalence: NHANES 2011–2014. Ann Epidemiol 28(10):681–685

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan DM, Davidson MB, RA DF, Heine RJ, Henry RR, Pratley R, Zinman B, American Diabetes Association (2007) Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care. Diabetes Care 30(3):753–759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols GA, Hillier TA, Brown JB (2007) Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30(2):228–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, Wang JX, Yang WY, An ZX, Hu ZX, Lin J, Xiao JZ, Cao HB, Liu PA, Jiang XG, Jiang YY, Wang JP, Zheng H, Zhang H, Bennett PH, Howard BV (1997) Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and diabetes study. Diabetes Care 20(4):537–544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pankow JS, Kwan DK, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Couper DJ, Golden S, Ballantyne CM (2007) Cardiometabolic risk in impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes Care 30(2):325–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perreault L, Bergman BC, Playdon MC, Dalla Man C, Cobelli C, Eckel RH (2008) Impaired fasting glucose with or without impaired glucose tolerance: progressive or parallel states of prediabetes? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295(2):E428–E435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao Q, Hu G, Tuomilehto J et al (2003) Age- and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 11 Asian cohorts. Diabetes Care 26(6):1770–1780

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S, Mukesh B, Bhaskar AD, Vijay V, Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP) (2006) The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia 49(2):289–297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen SS, Johansen NB, Witte DR, Borch-Johnsen K, Sandbaek A, Lauritzen T, Jørgensen ME (2016) Incidence of register-based diabetes 10 years after a stepwise diabetes screening programme: the ADDITION-Denmark study. Diabetologia 59(5):989–997

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saito T, Watanabe M, Nishida J, Izumi T, Omura M, Takagi T, Fukunaga R, Bandai Y, Tajima N, Nakamura Y, Ito M, Zensharen Study for Prevention of Lifestyle Diseases Group (2011) Lifestyle modification and prevention of type 2 diabetes in overweight Japanese with impaired fasting glucose levels: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 171(15):1352–1360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salazar MR, Carbajal HA, Espeche WG, Leiva Sisnieguez CE, March CE, Balbín E, Dulbecco CA, Aizpurúa M, Marillet AG, Reaven GM (2013) Comparison of the abilities of the plasma triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and the metabolic syndrome to identify insulin resistance. Diab Vasc Dis Res 10(4):346–352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soderberg S, Zimmet P, Tuomilehto J, de Courten M, Dowse GK, Chitson P, Stenlund H, Gareeboo H, Alberti KG, Shaw J (2004) High incidence of type 2 diabetes and increasing conversion rates from impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes in Mauritius. J Intern Med 256(1):37–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soulimane S, Simon D, Shaw J, Witte D, Zimmet P, Vol S, Borch-Johnsen K, Magliano D, Vistisen D, Balkau B (2012) HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and the prediction of diabetes: Inter99, AusDiab and D.E.S.I.R. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 96(3):392–399

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HAW, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, Hadden D, Turner RC, Holman RR (2000) Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. Br Med J 321(7258):405–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabák AG, Jokela M, Akbaraly TN, Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M, Witte DR (2009) Trajectories of glycaemia, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the Whitehall II study. Lancet 373(9682):2215–2221

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabák AG, Herder C, Rathmann W, Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M (2012) Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet 379(9833):2279–2290

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, Sjöström L (2004) XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care 27(1):155–161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toshihiro M, Saito K, Takikawa S, Takebe N, Onoda T, Satoh J (2008) Psychosocial factors are independent risk factors for the development of Type 2 diabetes in Japanese workers with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance. Diabet Med 25(10):1211–1217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Toumillehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hämäläinen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa M, Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group (2013) Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344(18):1343–1350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unwin N, Shaw J, Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM (2002) Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia: the current status on definition and intervention. Diabet Med 19(9):708–723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaccaro O, Ruffa G, Imperatore G, Iovino V, Rivellese AA, Riccardi G (1999) Risk of diabetes in the new diagnostic category of impaired fasting glucose: a prospective analysis. Diabetes Care 22(9):1490–1493

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wen J, Xue T, Huang Y et al (2017) Is β-cell aging involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes? J Diabetes 9(7):707–716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2006) Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2011) Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: abbreviated report of a WHO consultation, No. WHO/NMH/CHP/CPM/11.1. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson ML (2017) Prediabetes: beyond the borderline. Nurs Clin North Am 52(4):665–677

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf K, Bongaerts BWC, Schneider AA, Huth C, Meisinger C, Peters A, Schneider A, Wittsiepe J, Schramm KW, Greiser KH, Hartwig S, Kluttig A, Rathmann W (2019) Persistent organic pollutants and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the CARLA and KORA cohort studies. Environ Int 129:221–228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Ding Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W (2014) Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. Int J Med Sci 11(11):1185–1200

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yeboah J, Bertoni AG, Herrington DM, Post WS, Burke GL (2011) Impaired fasting glucose and the risk of incident diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular events in an adult population: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 58(2):140–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yip WCY, Sequeira IR, Plank LD, Poppitt SD (2017) Prevalence of pre-diabetes across ethnicities: a review of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) for classification of dysglycaemia. Nutrients 9(11):1273

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest concerning this article.

Ethical Approval

This review article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals directly performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Agnieszka Święcicka-Klama .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Święcicka-Klama, A., Połtyn-Zaradna, K., Szuba, A., Zatońska, K. (2020). The Natural Course of Impaired Fasting Glucose. In: Pokorski, M. (eds) Medical Research and Innovation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1324. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2020_571

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics