Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles have aroused an increasing interest in the last decades as novel advanced delivery systems to improve the treatment of many diseases. Hard work has been performed worldwide designing and developing polymeric nanoparticles using different building blocks, which target specific cell types, trying to avoid bioaccumulation and degradation pathways. The main handicap of the design is to understand the final fate and the journey that the nanoparticle will follow, which is intimately ligated with the chemical and physical properties of the nanoparticles themselves and specific factors of the targeted cells. Although the huge number of published scientific articles regarding polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical applications, their use in clinics is still limited. This fact could be explained by the limited data reporting the interaction of the huge diversity of polymeric nanoparticles with cells. This knowledge is essential to understand nanoparticle uptake and trafficking inside cells to the subcellular target structure.
In this chapter, we aim to contribute to this field of knowledge by: (1) summarizing the polymeric nanoparticles properties and cellular factors that influence nanoparticle endocytosis and (2) reviewing the endocytic pathways classified as a function of nanoparticle size and as a function of the receptor playing a role. The revision of previously reported endocytic pathways for particular polymeric nanoparticles could facilitate scientist involved in this field to easily delineate efficient delivery systems based on polymeric nanoparticles.
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Abbreviations
- BBB:
-
Blood Brain Barrier
- Chol:
-
Cholesterol
- CME:
-
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
- CR:
-
Complement receptor
- CvME:
-
Caveolin-mediated endocytosis
- FBS:
-
Fetal bovine serum
- FcyR:
-
Immunoglobulin G receptor
- FR:
-
Folate receptor
- MR:
-
Mannose receptor
- NPs:
-
Nanoparticles
- PA:
-
Polyacrylamdie
- PAMAM:
-
Polyamidoamine
- PBAE:
-
Poly(βaminoesters)
- PCL:
-
Polycaprolactone
- PE:
-
Polyester
- PEG:
-
Poly(ethylene glycol)
- PEGDA:
-
Poly(ethylene glycole) diacrilate
- PEI:
-
Polyethyleneimine
- PIC:
-
Phase inversion composition
- PL:
-
Polylisine
- PLA:
-
Poly(lactic acid)
- PLGA:
-
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PS:
-
Polystyrene
- PVA:
-
Poly(vinyl alcohol)
- PVP:
-
Poly(N-vinylpurrolidone)
- RBP:
-
Retinol binding protein
- SR:
-
Scavenger receptor
- TR:
-
Transferrin receptor
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Acknowledgement
Financial support from MINECO/FEDER (grants RTC-2015-3751-1, SAF2015-64927-C2-1-R and SAF2015-64927-C2-2-R) is acknowledged. Cristina Fornaguera is grateful to MINECO for the Postdoctoral Fellowship (grant Torres Quevedo 2016).
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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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Fornaguera, C., Castells-Sala, C., Borrós, S. (2019). Unraveling Polymeric Nanoparticles Cell Uptake Pathways: Two Decades Working to Understand Nanoparticles Journey to Improve Gene Therapy. In: Turksen, K. (eds) Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 9. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1288. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_467
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