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Gas Phase Formation, Structure and Reactivity of Gold Cluster Ions

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Gold Clusters, Colloids and Nanoparticles II

Part of the book series: Structure and Bonding ((STRUCTURE,volume 162))

Abstract

With the advent of electrospray ionisation (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI), mass spectrometry (MS) is now routinely used to establish the molecular formulae of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs). ESI-MS has been used to monitor the solution phase growth of AuNCs when gold salts are reduced in the presence of phosphine or thiolate ligands. Beyond this analytical role, over the past 2 decades MS-based methods have been employed to examine the fundamental properties and reactivities of AuNC ions. For example, ion mobility and spectroscopic measurements may be used to assign structures; thermochemical data provides important information on ligand binding energies; unimolecular chemistry can be explored; and ion–molecule reactions with various substrates can be used to probe catalysis by AuNC ions. MS can also be used to monitor and direct the synthesis of AuNC bulk material either by guiding solution phase synthesis conditions or by soft landing a beam of mass-selected (i.e. monodisperse) AuNC ions onto a surface. This review showcases all areas in which mass spectrometry has played a role in AuNC science.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The IUPAP does not appear to have a formal definition of a cluster. Johnston [20] suggests the following ‘physics’ definition of clusters: I will take the term cluster to mean an aggregate of a countable number (2–10n, where n can be as high as 6 or 7) of particles (i.e. atoms or molecules). The constituent particles may be identical, leading to homo-atomic (or homo-molecular) clusters, Aa, or they can be two or more different species – leading to hetero-atomic (hetero-molecular) clusters AaBb.

  2. 2.

    The IUPAC inorganic chemistry definition of cluster is as follows: A number of metal centres grouped close together which can have direct metal bonding interactions or interactions through a bridging ligand, but are not necessarily held together by these interactions. See IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the “Gold Book”). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML online corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.

Abbreviations

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

AuNP:

Gold nanoparticle

BINAP:

(±)-2,2′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binapthylene

BTBC:

Borane tert-butylamine complex

CID:

Collision-induced dissociation

ClAuPPh3 :

Chlorotriphenylphosphinegold(I)

DFT:

Density functional theory

DLS:

Direct light scattering

DMA:

Differential mobility analysis

DMG:

N,N-Dimethylglycine

DMSO:

Dimethylsulfoxide

dppe:

1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane

dppm:

Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane

dppp:

1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane OR 1,5-Bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane

EA:

Electron affinity

EI:

Electron ionisation

EID:

Electron-induced dissociation

ESI:

Electrospray ionisation

eV:

Electron volt

FAB:

Fast atom bombardment

FT:

Fourier transform

ICP:

Inductively coupled plasma

ICR:

Ion cyclotron resonance

IMS:

Ion mobility spectrometry

IR:

Infrared

K:

Kelvin

MALDI:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation

MPC:

Monolayer-protected cluster

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MSn :

Tandem mass spectrometry

NC:

Nanocluster

nm:

Nanometre

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

PD:

Photodissociation

PES:

Photoelectron spectroscopy

RRKM:

Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus

SAM:

Self-assembled monolayer

SEC:

Size exclusion chromatography

SIMS:

Secondary ion mass spectrometry

SORI:

Sustained off-resonance irradiation

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

TIED:

Trapped ion electron diffraction

TOF:

Time of flight

TS:

Transition state

UV–Vis:

Ultraviolet visible

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Acknowledgements

We thank the ARC for generously funding our work on coinage metals.

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  1. School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Athanasios Zavras, George N. Khairallah & Richard A. J. O’Hair

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  1. Athanasios Zavras
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  3. Richard A. J. O’Hair
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Correspondence to Richard A. J. O’Hair .

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  1. Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

    D. Michael P. Mingos

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Zavras, A., Khairallah, G.N., O’Hair, R.A.J. (2014). Gas Phase Formation, Structure and Reactivity of Gold Cluster Ions. In: Mingos, D. (eds) Gold Clusters, Colloids and Nanoparticles II. Structure and Bonding, vol 162. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/430_2014_140

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