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History and Outlook for Glyphosate-Resistant Crops

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Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 255

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 255))

Abstract

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops, commercially referred to as glyphosate-tolerant (GT), started the revolution in crop biotechnology in 1996. Growers rapidly accepted GR crops whenever they became available and made them the most rapidly adopted technology in agriculture history. Adoption usually meant sole reliance on glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, CAS No. 1071-83-6] for weed control. Not surprisingly, weeds eventually evolved resistance and are forcing growers to change their weed management practices. Today, the widespread dissemination of GR weeds that are also resistant to other herbicide modes-of-action (MoA) has greatly reduced the value of the GR crop weed management systems. However, growers continue to use the technology widely in six major crops throughout North and South America. Integrated chemistry and seed providers seek to sustain glyphosate efficacy by promoting glyphosate combinations with other herbicides and stacking the traits necessary to enable the use of partner herbicides. These include glufosinate {4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]-DL-homoalanine, CAS No. 51276-47-2}, dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid, CAS No. 1918-00-9), 2,4-D [2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, CAS No. 94-75-7], 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, and other herbicides. Unfortunately, herbicide companies have not commercialized a new MoA for over 30 years and have nearly exhausted the useful herbicide trait possibilities. Today, glyphosate-based crop systems are still mainstays of weed management, but they cannot keep up with the capacity of weeds to evolve resistance. Growers desperately need new technologies, but no technology with the impact of glyphosate and GR crops is on the horizon. Although the expansion of GR crop traits is possible into new geographic areas and crops such as wheat and sugarcane and could have high value, the Roundup Ready® revolution is over. Its future is at a nexus and dependent on a variety of issues.

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Abbreviations

ACCase:

Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase

ALS:

Acetolactate synthase

EFSA:

European Food Safety Authority

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

GM:

Genetically modified

GST:

Glutathione-S-transferase

HPPD:

4-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase

HR:

Herbicide-resistant

HT:

Herbicide-tolerant

IP:

Intellectual property

ISAAA:

International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications

NTO:

Nontarget organism

NTSR:

Non-target site resistance

PDS:

Phytoene desaturase

PPO:

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase

PSII:

Photosystem II

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The authors state that there are no conflicts of interest.

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  1. Green Ways Consulting LLC, Landenberg, PA, USA

    Jerry M. Green

  2. Sr. Scientist (ret.), Corteva Agriscience, Wilmington, DE, USA

    Daniel L. Siehl

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    James B. Knaak

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Green, J.M., Siehl, D.L. (2021). History and Outlook for Glyphosate-Resistant Crops. In: Knaak, J.B. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 255. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 255. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2020_54

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