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Prospective Environmental Risk Assessment for Sediment-Bound Organic Chemicals: A Proposal for Tiered Effect Assessment

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Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 239

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 239))

Abstract

A broadly accepted framework for prospective environmental risk assessment (ERA) of sediment-bound organic chemicals is currently lacking. Such a framework requires clear protection goals, evidence-based concepts that link exposure to effects and a transparent tiered-effect assessment. In this paper, we provide a tiered prospective sediment ERA procedure for organic chemicals in sediment, with a focus on the applicable European regulations and the underlying data requirements. Using the ecosystem services concept, we derived specific protection goals for ecosystem service providing units: microorganisms, benthic algae, sediment-rooted macrophytes, benthic invertebrates and benthic vertebrates. Triggers for sediment toxicity testing are discussed.

We recommend a tiered approach (Tier 0 through Tier 3). Tier-0 is a cost-effective screening based on chronic water-exposure toxicity data for pelagic species and equilibrium partitioning. Tier-1 is based on spiked sediment laboratory toxicity tests with standard benthic test species and standardised test methods. If comparable chronic toxicity data for both standard and additional benthic test species are available, the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) approach is a more viable Tier-2 option than the geometric mean approach. This paper includes criteria for accepting results of sediment-spiked single species toxicity tests in prospective ERA, and for the application of the SSD approach. We propose micro/mesocosm experiments with spiked sediment, to study colonisation success by benthic organisms, as a Tier-3 option. Ecological effect models can be used to supplement the experimental tiers. A strategy for unifying information from various tiers by experimental work and exposure—and effect modelling is provided.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by CEFIC, the Long Range Research Initiative (LRI). We would like to thank all workshop participants (see full name list in Appendix 1) for their participation in the discussions during the workshop Prospective Sediment Risk Assessment held on 24-02-14 in Wageningen. We want to thank Gertie Arts for taking the minutes during the workshop and Mick Hamer, Stuart Marshall, and Paul Thomas for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Noël J. Diepens, Albert A. Koelmans & Paul J. van den Brink

  2. IMARES, Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen UR, 68, 1970 AB, IJmuiden, The Netherlands

    Albert A. Koelmans & Martine J. van den Heuvel-Greve

  3. Environmental Risk Assessment Team, Alterra, 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Hans Baveco, Paul J. van den Brink & Theo C. M. Brock

Authors
  1. Noël J. Diepens
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  2. Albert A. Koelmans
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  3. Hans Baveco
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  4. Paul J. van den Brink
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  5. Martine J. van den Heuvel-Greve
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  6. Theo C. M. Brock
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Correspondence to Noël J. Diepens .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Pim de Voogt

Appendices

Appendix 1: List of Workshop Participants

The workshop “Prospective Sediment Risk Assessment” was held on 24-02-14 in Wageningen, the Netherlands

Name

Surname

Affiliation

Country

Gertie

Arts

Alterra Wageningen UR

The Netherlands

Hans

Baveco

Alterra Wageningen UR

The Netherlands

Theo

Brock

Alterra Wageningen UR

The Netherlands

Eric

Bruns

Bayer

Germany

Noël

Diepens

Wageningen University

The Netherlands

Andreas

Focks

Alterra Wageningen UR

The Netherlands

Malyka

Galay-Burgos

Ecetoc

Belgium

Mick

Hamer

Syngenta

United Kingdom

Bruno

Hubesch

CEFIC

Belgium

Bart

Koelmans

Wageningen University

The Netherlands

Stuart

Marshall

Unilever

United Kingdom

Andreu

Rico

Wageningen University

The Netherlands

Mauricio

Rocha Dimitrov

Wageningen University

The Netherlands

Cor

Schipper

Deltares

The Netherlands

Livia

Sidney

Wageningen University

The Netherlands

Hauke

Smidt

Wageningen University

The Netherlands

Ariadna

Szczybelski

Wageningen University

The Netherlands

Paul

Van den Brink

Alterra Wageningen UR/Wageningen University

The Netherlands

Martine

Van den Heuvel-Greve

IMARES Wageningen UR

The Netherlands

Bert

Van Hattum

VU University Amsterdam

The Netherlands

Erik

Verbruggen

RIVM

The Netherlands

Arjan

Wijdeveld

TU Delft

The Netherlands

Appendix 2: List of Abbreviations

AF

Assessment factor

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials

BSAF

Biota sediment accumulation factor

Cpw

Concentration of the chemical in pore water

Csed;oc

Concentration of the chemical in the sediment per unit mass of organic carbon

ECHA

European Chemicals Agency

ECx

Effect concentration x percent

EF

Extrapolation factor

EFSA

European Food Safety Authority

EMEA

European Medicines Agency

EP

Equilibrium partitioning

EPA

United States Environmental Protection Agency

ERA

Environmental risk assessment

ERC

Ecotoxicologically relevant concentration

GIS

Geographic information system

HC5

Hazardous concentrations to 5 % of the test species

IBM

Individual-based modelling

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

Kd

Sediment-water partitioning coefficient

Koc

Organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient

Kow

Octanol-water partition coefficient

LCX

Lethal concentration x percent

NOEC

No effect concentration

OC

Organic carbon

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PEC

Predicted environmental exposure concentrations

PECsed

Sediment exposure estimates

PECsed;max

Sediment exposure estimates based on peak concentration

PECsed;TWA

Sediment exposure estimates based on time-weighted average concentration

PNEC

Predicted no effect concentration

PNECsed

Effect estimates for sediment-dwelling organisms

PNECsed;ch

Predicted no effect concentration for sediment based on chronic toxicity data

PNECsed;ch;EP

Predicted no effect concentration for sediment based on chronic toxicity data calculated by equilibrium partitioning

PNECsw;ch

Predicted no effect concentration for surface water based on chronic toxicity data

PPP

Plant Protection Products

QSAR

Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship

QSPR

Quantitative Structure Property Relationship

REACH

Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals

RQ

Risk Quotient (RQ = PEC/PNEC)

SPU

Service providing units

SSD

Species sensitivity distribution

TKTD

Toxicokinetic toxicodynamic

TWA

Time-weighted average

VICH

Veterinary International Conference on Harmonization

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Diepens, N.J., Koelmans, A.A., Baveco, H., van den Brink, P.J., van den Heuvel-Greve, M.J., Brock, T.C.M. (2016). Prospective Environmental Risk Assessment for Sediment-Bound Organic Chemicals: A Proposal for Tiered Effect Assessment. In: de Voogt, P. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 239. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 239. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2015_5004

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