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Integrative Neuronal Functions in Deafness

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Deafness

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Auditory Research ((SHAR,volume 47))

Abstract

The present chapter reviews available evidence regarding the consequences of congenital deafness on the auditory system‘s integrative function. Evidence for a deterioration of feature sensitivity is provided, along with the consequences on the representation of auditory input. In addition, functionality of auditory cortex with regard to higher functions is reviewed along with its consequences of the known functional deficits on processing input and embedding it into cognitive representations. The particular focus is on bottom-up and top-down processing and categorical representations. Finally, a theoretical explanation of the critical period associated with cochlear implants use is presented, resting on a combination of several noncritical neuronal mechanisms, including decrease in synaptic plasticity, reduced top-down control of perception and learning, reduced feature representation, adaptive reorganization by other sensory systems and functions, and higher cognitive adaptations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This effect has to be differentiated from coarticulation, i.e., the influence of a preceding phoneme on the succeeding one and vice versa. Coarticulation, caused by the adaptation of the articulatory organs to the phonemes neighboring in time in the fast articulatory process, allows masked speech sounds to be reconstructed. However, even in the absence of coarticulatory cues, phonemic restoration occurs.

  2. 2.

    Speculatively, also this is not the eventual limit for plasticity: Given that all neuronal processes are inherently stochastic, random fluctuations in activity could “uncover” feature differences in individual trials. Provided that this took place during a learning paradigm, a differentiation could be learned de novo even in such an unfavorable condition, although it would be substantially more difficult. This speculative hypothesis has never been tested experimentally.

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Acknowledgments

The work of A. Kral was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Kr 3370 and cluster of excellence Hearing4all), in part by National Institutes of Health. R. K. Shepherd was supported by the National Institute of Health (HHS-N-263-2007-00053-C), the NH & MRC and the Victorian government through its Operational Infrastructure Support Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Audioneurotechnology (VIANNA) and Department of Experimental Otology, ENT Clinics, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 35, D-30625, Hannover, Germany

    Andrej Kral & Peter Baumhoff

  2. School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75083-0688, USA

    Andrej Kral

  3. Bionics Institute and Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, 384-388 East Melbourne St., East Melbourne, Vic, 3002, Australia

    Robert K. Shepherd

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  1. Andrej Kral
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  2. Peter Baumhoff
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  3. Robert K. Shepherd
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Correspondence to Andrej Kral .

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  1. Hannover Medical School, Institute of Audioneurotechnology, Hannover, Germany

    Andrej Kral

  2. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

    Arthur N. Popper

  3. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA

    Richard R. Fay

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Kral, A., Baumhoff, P., Shepherd, R.K. (2013). Integrative Neuronal Functions in Deafness. In: Kral, A., Popper, A., Fay, R. (eds) Deafness. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 47. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/2506_2013_6

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