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Structure and Function of the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB)

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Physiology, Pharmacology and Pathology of the Blood-Brain Barrier

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 273))

Abstract

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the vertebrate central nervous system from harmful blood-borne, endogenous and exogenous substances to ensure proper neuronal function. The BBB describes a function that is established by endothelial cells of CNS vessels in conjunction with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons and microglia, together forming the neurovascular unit (NVU). Endothelial barrier function is crucially induced and maintained by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and requires intact NVU for proper functionality. The BBB and the NVU are characterized by a specialized assortment of molecular specializations, providing the basis for tightening, transport and immune response functionality.

The present chapter introduces state-of-the-art knowledge of BBB structure and function and highlights current research topics, aiming to understanding in more depth the cellular and molecular interactions at the NVU, determining functionality of the BBB in health and disease, and providing novel potential targets for therapeutic BBB modulation. Moreover, we highlight recent advances in understanding BBB and NVU heterogeneity within the CNS as well as their contribution to CNS physiology, such as neurovascular coupling, and pathophysiology, is discussed. Finally, we give an outlook onto new avenues of BBB research.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft by the research group FOR2325 “The Neurovascular Interface”, the Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, the European Union HORIZON 2020 ITN “BtRAIN”, the German Centre for Heart and Circulation Research (DZHK, Column B: Shared Expertise), Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz (LOEWE), Program of the Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, (CePTER) to SL.

We thank Jadranka Macas (Edinger Institute) for providing the electron micrographs presented in Fig. 1.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Fabienne Benz & Stefan Liebner

  2. Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary System (CPI), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

    Stefan Liebner

  3. German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany

    Stefan Liebner

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  1. Fabienne Benz
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Correspondence to Stefan Liebner .

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  1. Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Zameel Cader

  2. Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Wien, Austria

    Winfried Neuhaus

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Benz, F., Liebner, S. (2020). Structure and Function of the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB). In: Cader, Z., Neuhaus, W. (eds) Physiology, Pharmacology and Pathology of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 273. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2020_404

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