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Structure Formation of Polymeric Building Blocks: Complex Polymer Architectures

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From Single Molecules to Nanoscopically Structured Materials

Abstract

This chapter describes macromolecules with a complex structure, their defined aggregation in solution, their adsorption to surfaces, and their possible aggregation on surfaces. The term “complex structure” implies that the macromolecules show different, distinct structural elements or building blocks on a supra-atomic length scale. Key to understanding the complex structure of macromolecules, their aggregation, and adsorption to surfaces are intra- and intermolecular interactions such as van der Waals, electrostatic, π–π interactions, and hydrogen bonds.

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Abbreviations

α :

Degree of dissociation

δ :

Shell thickness of nanocapsule

ε :

Energy of interaction between monomers

λ :

Wave length

η :

Viscosity

ν :

Exponent characterizing end-to-end distance

ρ :

Density of polymers or particles in solution

σ :

Grafting density of side chains to backbone

χ :

Flory–Huggins interaction parameter

λ B :

Bjerrum length

σ calc :

Calculated conductivity

σ DC :

DC-conductivity of an ion-containing medium

σ exp :

Measured DC-conductivity

D + , D :

Calculated diffusion coefficient of the free cation/anion

D exp+ , D exp :

Diffusion coefficient as measured by NMR

<z b>:

Average distance of a backbone monomer of an adsorbed bottle brush from the surface

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

\( {\overrightarrow{l}}_{\mathrm{s}} \) :

Bond vectors are grafted to the backbone

BPCPPCA:

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid

BPDCA:

Biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid

BTA:

Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides

d :

Exponent describing kinetics of aggregation

D :

Diameter of drop

D 0 :

Diffusion coefficient of the neutral complex

DCBA:

2,5-Dichloro benzoic acid

DEER:

Double electron–electron resonance

D exp :

Experimental diffusion coefficient

DIBA:

2,5-Diiodo benzoic acid

DISA:

3,5-Diiodo salicylic acid

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

DMF:

N,N-Dimethylformamide

DQNMR:

Double-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

DS:

Dielectric spectroscopy

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

e :

Elementary charge

\( {\overrightarrow{R}}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{b}} \) :

End-to-end vector of the backbone

\( {\overrightarrow{R}}_{\mathrm{e}} \) :

End-to-end vector of side chain

\( {\overrightarrow{l}}_{\mathrm{b}} \) :

Effective bond vectors of main chain

E C :

Coulomb attractive energy

EPR:

Electron paramagnetic resonance

E σ :

Activation energy for ion transport

FCS:

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

HBC:

Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes

I :

Scattering intensity

IBA:

4-Iodo benzoic acid

k B :

Boltzmann constant

L :

Contour length

L 0 :

Thickness of block copolymer lamellar

LC:

Liquid crystalline

l d :

Domain size

LED:

Light emitting diode

l k :

Kuhn length

l m :

Length per repeat unit of the main chain

l p :

Persistence length

M 0 :

Molar mass of one repeat unit in the main chain

MAO:

Methylaluminoxanes

MAS:

Magic angle spinning

MFA:

Methyl formamide

M L :

Molar mass per length of main chain

M n sc :

Number-average side chain molar mass

M sc :

Side chain molar mass

N :

Degree of polymerization

N b :

Number of effective monomers in main chain

NICS:

Nucleus independent chemical shift

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NOE:

Nuclear Overhauser effect

N s :

Number of effective monomers in side chain

OPBA:

Oligo(p-benzamides)

P :

Main chain degree of polymerization

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PAMAM:

Poly(amido amine)

PBI:

Perylene bisdiimide

PBLG:

Poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate)

PDI:

Perylene diimide

PEG:

Poly(ethylene glycol)

PEI:

Poly(ethylene imine)

PEO:

Poly(ethylene oxide)

p i :

Number density of the ith type of charge carrier

PLL:

Poly-l-lysine

PLP:

Poly(l-proline)

PMA:

Polymethacrylate

PMMA:

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

PPD:

Polyphenylene dendrimer

p s :

Total ion concentration

PS:

Polystyrene

P sc :

Side chain degree of polymerization

PSS:

Poly(styrene sulfonate)

PVP:

Poly-2-vinylpyridinium

P w :

Weight average degree of polymerization

q :

Scattering vector

QD:

Quantum dot

q i :

Charge of the ith type of charge carrier

r c :

Distance separating a point-like cation from a point-like anion

R c :

Core radius of a spherical brush

R cs :

Cross-sectional radius

R g :

Radius of gyration

R gc :

Cross-sectional radius of gyration of brush polymer

R h :

Hydrodynamic radius

S :

Dynamic order parameter

s :

Number of bonds along the backbone

SANS:

Small angle neutron scattering

SAXS:

Small-angle X-ray scattering

s blob :

Number of monomers per blob

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SLS:

Static light scattering

T :

Temperature

t :

Time

TBA+ :

Tetrabutylammonium cation

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

T g :

Glass transition temperature

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

T Θ :

Theta temperature

W(r):

Potential of mean force for two particles at distance r

WAXS:

Wide-angle X-ray scattering

x anion :

Mole fraction of anionic charges

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Z +/Z :

Charge ratio

ε 0 :

Permittivity of free space

ε r :

Dielectric permittivity

μ i :

Mobility of the ith type of charge carrier

σ 0 :

Limiting conductivity

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Binder, K. et al. (2013). Structure Formation of Polymeric Building Blocks: Complex Polymer Architectures. In: Basché, T., Müllen, K., Schmidt, M. (eds) From Single Molecules to Nanoscopically Structured Materials. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 260. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2013_230

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