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Bidirectional Lateral Transport Barriers in Serving Plant Organs and Integral Plant Functioning: Localized Lignification, Suberinization, and Cutinization

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Progress in Botany Vol. 82

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Abstract

In their organs – roots, leaves, and stems – higher plants possess bidirectional barriers blocking apoplastic transport by diffusion of water and solutes. These are in the roots, (1) an endodermis (EN), (2) an exodermis (EX), and (3) EN-type cell layers in N2-fixing root nodules; in the leaves (4) envelopes of glands, gland hairs, and trichomes, (5) bundle sheaths, and (6) EN-type cell layers around the haustoria of rust fungi; (7) an EN-type cell layer in stems; and (8) a structurally invisible transport barrier in the root tip. Cell wall encrustations by lignin and adcrustations by suberin lamellae and by cutin prevent transport within the free spaces of the cell walls and transport across the cell walls. The latter is mediated by plasmodesmata.

Individually these transport barriers at strategic locations in the plant organs enforce switches between apoplastic and symplastic transport. These switches involve transport across membranes, and this ensures metabolic control over the solutes transported. Collectively the complement of the bidirectional transport barriers regulates the integrated harmonious functioning of the plants as whole entire organisms.

The cell wall structures of the apoplastic barriers in some cases, e.g., the root EN, have been shown not to be static anatomical elements but to be dynamic in response to internal development and environmental cues. Recent studies identify molecular signaling modules of developmental integrity of the radial cell wall encrustations in the Casparian strips in the root EN. Molecular studies also demonstrate hormonal control of reversible suberinization in response to environmental factors. The Scr gene and SCARECROW transcription factor regulate some of the barriers at distant locations within the plants. This opens a fascinating outlook for more work of plant molecular biology unraveling the integrated functioning of the transport-barrier complement.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

AFS:

Apparent free space

BS:

Bundle sheath

CASP:

CASPRIAN STRIP MEMBRANE DOMAIN PROTEINS

CIF:

CASPARIAN STRIP INTEGRITY FACTORS

CL:

Cellulose layers

CS:

Casparian strip

DFS :

Donnan free space

EN:

Endodermis

EX:

Exodermis

M:

Mesophyll

PD:

Plasmodesmos, plasmodesmata

PEP:

Phosphoenolpyruvate

PEPC:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

PM:

Plasma membrane

PW:

Primary cell wall

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RuBISCO:

Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

SGN:

SCHENGEN RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE

SL:

Suberin lamellae

WFS:

Water free space

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Acknowledgment

I thank C. Barry Osmond for his help with the literature on the mesophyll/bundle sheath interface in the leaves of C4 plants. I am grateful to Rainer Matyssek for reading a draft of the essay and making valuable comments and to Francisco Cánovas for editing the essay.

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  1. Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

    Ulrich Lüttge

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  1. Ulrich Lüttge
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain

    Francisco M. Cánovas

  2. Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

    Ulrich Lüttge

  3. Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB) CSIC Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    María-Carmen Risueño

  4. Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Bayern, Germany

    Hans Pretzsch

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Lüttge, U. (2019). Bidirectional Lateral Transport Barriers in Serving Plant Organs and Integral Plant Functioning: Localized Lignification, Suberinization, and Cutinization. In: Cánovas, F.M., Lüttge, U., Risueño, MC., Pretzsch, H. (eds) Progress in Botany Vol. 82. Progress in Botany, vol 82. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/124_2019_36

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