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Interplay of Carbohydrate and Carrier in Antibacterial Glycoconjugate Vaccines

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Advances in Glycobiotechnology

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology ((ABE,volume 175))

Abstract

Bacterial infections are a serious health concern and are responsible for millions of illnesses and deaths each year in communities around the world. Vaccination is an important public health measure for reducing and eliminating this burden, and regions with comprehensive vaccination programs have achieved significant reductions in infection and mortality. This is often accomplished by immunization with bacteria-derived carbohydrates, typically in conjunction with other biomolecules, which induce immunological memory and durable protection against bacterial human pathogens. For many species, however, vaccines are currently unavailable or have suboptimal efficacy characterized by short-lived memory and incomplete protection, especially among at-risk populations. To address this challenge, new tools and techniques have emerged for engineering carbohydrates and conjugating them to carrier molecules in a tractable and scalable manner. Collectively, these approaches are yielding carbohydrate-based vaccine designs with increased immunogenicity and protective efficacy, thereby opening up new opportunities for this important class of antigens. In this chapter we detail the current understanding of how carbohydrates interact with the immune system to provide immunity; how glycoengineering, especially in the context of glycoconjugate vaccines, can be used to modify and enhance immune responses; and current trends and strategies being pursued for the rational design of next-generation glycosylated antibacterial vaccines.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

BCR:

B cell receptor

CPS:

Capsular polysaccharide

DT:

Diphtheria toxoid

GBS:

Group B Streptococcus

glycOMV:

Glycosylated outer membrane vesicle

Hib:

Haemophilus influenzae type b

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

IgM:

Immunoglobulin M

iNKT:

Invariant natural killer T cell

LOS:

Lipooligosaccharide

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MAMP:

Microbe-associated molecular pattern

MenB:

Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MW:

Molecular weight

NKT:

Natural killer T cell

O-PS:

O-antigen polysaccharide

OST:

Oligosaccharyltransferase

PolySia:

Polysialic acid

PRP:

Polyribosylribitol phosphate

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptor

RU:

Repeating unit

TD:

T cell-dependent

TI:

T cell-independent

TT:

Tetanus toxoid

ZPS:

Zwitterionic polysaccharide

αGalCer:

α-Galactosylceramide

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Tyler D. Moeller, Kevin B. Weyant & Matthew P. DeLisa

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  1. Tyler D. Moeller
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  2. Kevin B. Weyant
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  3. Matthew P. DeLisa
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  1. Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany

    Erdmann Rapp  & Udo Reichl  & 

  2. glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany

    Erdmann Rapp

  3. Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

    Udo Reichl

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Moeller, T.D., Weyant, K.B., DeLisa, M.P. (2018). Interplay of Carbohydrate and Carrier in Antibacterial Glycoconjugate Vaccines. In: Rapp, E., Reichl, U. (eds) Advances in Glycobiotechnology. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 175. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2018_71

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