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PCB exposure and potential future cancer incidence in Slovak children: an assessment from molecular finger printing by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®) derived from experimental and epidemiological investigations

  • PCBs Risk Evaluation and Environmental Protection
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Abstract

The risk of cancer due to PCB exposure in humans is highly debated. In eastern Slovakia, high exposure of the population to organochlorines (especially PCBs) was associated with various disease and disorder pathways, viz., endocrine disruption, metabolic disorder & diabetes, and cancer, thereby disturbing several cellular processes, including protein synthesis, stress response, and apoptosis. We have evaluated a Slovak cohort (45-month children, at lower and higher levels of PCB exposure from the environment) for disease and disorder development to develop early disease cancer biomarkers that could shed new light on possible mechanisms for the genesis of cancers under such chemical exposures, and identify potential avenues for prevention.

Microarray studies of global gene expression were conducted from the 45-month-old children on the Affymetrix platform followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®) to associate the affected genes with their mechanistic pathways. High-throughput qRT-PCR TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) was performed to further validate the selected genes on the whole blood cells of the most highly exposed children from the study cohort (n = 71).

TP53, MYC, BCL2, and LRP12 differential gene expressions suggested strong relationships between potential future tumor promotion and PCB exposure in Slovak children. The IPA analysis further detected the most important signaling pathways, including molecular mechanism of cancers, prostate cancer signaling, ovarian cancer signaling, P53 signaling, oncostatin M signaling, and their respective functions (viz., prostate cancer, breast cancer, progression of tumor, growth of tumor, and non-Hodgkin’s disease). The results suggest that PCB exposures, even at the early age of these children, may have lifelong consequences for the future development of chronic diseases.

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Acknowledgments

This work received support from U.S. National Institutes of Health grants # R01-CA96525. Thanks to Prof. Gray Harris, Dean of the Graduate School, Howard University for continuing supplemental support to this research initiative. Thanks are also due to the Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science (GHUCCTS) and Dr. Annapurni Jayam Trouth, MD of Howard University for their assistance with the blood collection from healthy donors, as per approved HU IRB # IRB-07- GSAS-30. The contents of this report are solely the responsibility of the authors.

Glossary

U.S. EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency

GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus (database)

HEPG2, liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (human)

IPA®, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis

MIAME, Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment

NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma

OCs, organochlorine compounds

PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls

POPs, persistent organic pollutants

qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerases chain reaction

TLDA, TaqMan low-density array

Funding

This study is supported by the 1UO1ES016127-01 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS/NIH), the European Commission through the 7FP project OBELIX (No. 227391), Ministry of Health, Slovak Republic through projects 2007/07-SZU-03, 2012/41-SZU-05, and 2012/47-SZU-11, Slovak Research and Development Agency through projects APVV-0571-12 and APVV-0444-11, the project “Center of Excellence of Environmental Health,” ITMS No. 26240120033, based on the supporting Operational Research and Development Program financed from the European Regional Development Fund, 5G12MD007597-25 (NIMHD, PI: Southerland), and from the R200174 grant from Howard University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Room 408, EE Just Hall, Washington, DC, 20059, USA

    Somiranjan Ghosh, Partha S. Mitra & Sisir K. Dutta

  2. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA

    Somiranjan Ghosh

  3. Departments of Oncology and of Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA

    Christopher A. Loffredo

  4. Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

    Tomas Trnovec, Lubica Palkovicova Murinova & Eva Sovcikova

  5. School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA

    Eric P. Hoffman

  6. Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA

    Kepher H. Makambi

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  1. Somiranjan Ghosh
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  2. Christopher A. Loffredo
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  3. Partha S. Mitra
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  4. Tomas Trnovec
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  5. Lubica Palkovicova Murinova
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  6. Eva Sovcikova
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  8. Kepher H. Makambi
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  9. Sisir K. Dutta
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Correspondence to Somiranjan Ghosh.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Presented as part at the 9th International PCB Workshop in Kobe, Japan, 9–16 October, 2016 as Poster.

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Ghosh, S., Loffredo, C.A., Mitra, P.S. et al. PCB exposure and potential future cancer incidence in Slovak children: an assessment from molecular finger printing by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®) derived from experimental and epidemiological investigations. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 16493–16507 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0149-1

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