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Evolution of seismic hazard maps in Turkey

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Abstract

A review on the historical evolution of seismic hazard maps in Turkey is followed by summarizing the important aspects of the updated national probabilistic seismic hazard maps. Comparisons with the predecessor probabilistic seismic hazard maps as well as the implications on the national design codes conclude the paper.

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Notes

  1. A relevant national example is the 2007 seismic design code (will be obsolete in 2018) that employs the 1996 national earthquake zonation map for the definition of earthquake induced lateral design loads.

  2. The official name of AFAD is Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Authority.

  3. TCIP is the abbreviation for Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool.

  4. The updated national seismic design code http://www.deprem.gov.tr/belgeler2016/tbdy.pdf will be in force by law in 2018.

  5. Reciprocal of mean annual exceedance rate of ground-motion intensity measure exceeding a certain threshold.

  6. The Ministry of Transportation published seismic design guidelines in 2007 (Official Gazette No.: 26617, 2007; Official Gazette No.: 27092, 2008) for the design of transportation networks. The guidelines include the 475- and 2475-year country-wide probabilistic seismic hazard maps for PSA at T = 0.2 s and T = 1.0 s at reference rock (VS30 = 760 m/s) to establish the design spectrum (Demircioğlu et al. 2007). Although these maps are passed by the legislation, their implementation is limited to the transportation facilities (e.g., railway, highway, seaport structures, airport structures). That’s why this article considers the probabilistic maps of T-SHM project as the revisions to the last earthquake zonation map that is based on the country-based PSHA by Gülkan et al. (1993).

  7. The 1981 Joyner and Boore ground-motion predictive model uses the earthquake records compiled from California. This predictive model estimates peak ground acceleration for maximum horizontal component and for moment magnitudes 5 ≤ Mw ≤ 7.7 and distances less than 370 km.

  8. Effective peak acceleration is a coefficient that controls the acceleration sensitive region (short-period spectral acceleration ordinates) in the design spectra of the 1997 and 2007 seismic design codes.

  9. Deep seismicity is only considered within the deep seismic activity regions in the Aegean and Cyprian subduction zones.

  10. PGA is not used in the design spectrum computation of the updated national seismic design code. However, it is for the design of earth retaining structures as well as for liquefaction and landslide susceptibility.

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Acknowledgements

T-SHM project is granted by AFAD and financially supported by TCIP. The members of this project (the co-authors of this paper) express their sincere gratitude to the administrations of these two entities, in particular the currently acting and former presidents of AFAD Dr. Mehmet Güllüoğlu, Mr. Halis Bilden and Dr. Fuad Oktay; the acting and former directors of AFAD Earthquake Department Dr. Murat Nurlu and Mr. Ulubey Çeken; the AFAD project coordination team Mrs. Nazan Yılmaz Kılıç, Mrs. İlknur Dalyan and Mr. Cenk Erkmen; the deputy director general of TCIP Mr. İsmet Güngör and the general secretary of TCIP Mrs. Serpil Öztürk. The valuable comments of the project reviewers are also greatly appreciated by the project team. This paper is reviewed by Professor Julian J. Bommer at Imperial College and Professor Abdullah Sandıkkaya at Hacettepe University. Their comments improved some of the discussions and illustrations in the paper. Finally, the first author appreciates the help of Prof. Şeşetyan in the preparation of Table 1 as well as Professor Özkan Kale and Mrs. Senem Tekin for the preparation/improvement of many figures in the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earthquake Engineering, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University, 34684, Istanbul, Turkey

    S. Akkar, M. B. Demircioğlu Tümsa, M. Erdik & K. Şeşetyan

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey

    T. Azak

  3. Department of Geology, Çukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey

    T. Çan & S. Tekin

  4. Earthquake Department, Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Authority, 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    U. Çeken, F. T. Kadirioğlu, R. F. Kartal & T. Kılıç

  5. Department of Civil Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

    M. B. Demircioğlu Tümsa

  6. Fugro Sial Ltd., 06680, Ankara, Turkey

    T. Y. Duman

  7. Department of Geodesy, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University, 34684, Istanbul, Turkey

    S. Ergintav

  8. Regional Earthquake and Tsunami Monitoring Center, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University, 34684, Istanbul, Turkey

    D. Kalafat, K. Kekovalı & S. Altuncu Poyraz

  9. Department of Civil Engineering, TED University, 06420, Ankara, Turkey

    Ö. Kale

  10. Department of Geological Research, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    S. Özalp

  11. Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    A. Yakut & M. S. Yücemen

  12. Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    M. T. Yılmaz

  13. Department of Civil Engineering, Özyeğin University, 34794, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ö. Zülfikar

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Akkar, S., Azak, T., Çan, T. et al. Evolution of seismic hazard maps in Turkey. Bull Earthquake Eng 16, 3197–3228 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0349-1

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