Abstract
This study employs a computational approach to analyse the impact of morphological changes on the structural properties of biodegradable porous Mg subjected to a dynamic immersion test for its application as a bone scaffold. Porous Mg was immersed in a dynamic immersion test for 24, 48, and 72 h. Twelve specimens were prepared and scanned using micro-CT and then reconstructed into a 3D model for finite element analysis. The structural properties from the numerical simulation were then compared to the experimental values. Correlations between morphological parameters, structural properties, and fracture type were then made. The relative losses were observed to be in agreement with relative mass loss done experimentally. The degradation rates determined using exact (degraded) surface area at particular immersion times were on average 20% higher than the degradation rates obtained using original surface area. The dynamic degradation has significantly impacted the morphological changes of porous Mg in volume fraction, surface area, and trabecular separation, which in turn affects its structural properties and increases the immersion time.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Angrisani N, Reifenrath J, Zimmermann F et al (2016) Biocompatibility and degradation of LAE442-based magnesium alloys after implantation of up to 3.5 years in a rabbit model. Acta Biomater 44:355–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTBIO.2016.08.002
Balla VK, Bodhak S, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A (2010) Porous tantalum structures for bone implants: fabrication, mechanical and in vitro biological properties. Acta Biomater 6:3349–3359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.01.046
Bigi A, Falini G, Foresti E et al (1993) Magnesium influence on hydroxyapatite crystallization. J Inorg Biochem 49:69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-0134(93)80049-F
Bissinger O, Kirschke JS, Probst FA et al (2016) Micro-CT vs. whole body multirow detector CT for analysing bone regeneration in an animal model. PLoS ONE 11:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166540
Bobe K, Willbold E, Morgenthal I et al (2013) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of biodegradable, open-porous scaffolds made of sintered magnesium W4 short fibres. Acta Biomater 9:8611–8623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.03.035
Boccaccio A, Ballini A, Pappalettere C et al (2010) Finite element method (FEM), mechanobiology and biomimetic scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Sci 7:112–132
Bose S, Roy M, Bandyopadhyay A (2012) Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Trends Biotechnol 30:546–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.07.005
Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier JAM (2013) Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions. Nutrients 5:3022–3033. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5083022
Cheng M, Wahafu T, Jiang G et al (2016) A novel open-porous magnesium scaffold with controllable microstructures and properties for bone regeneration. Sci Rep 6:24134. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24134
Dorozhkin SV (2014) Calcium orthophosphate coatings on magnesium and its biodegradable alloys. Acta Biomater 10:2919–2934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.026
Enyedi B, Konyha L, Fazekas K (2005) Threshold procedures and image segmentation. In: 47th international symposium ELMAR, 2005. IEEE, pp 29–32
Feyerabend F (2014) Biomaterials for bone regeneration. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Sawston
Fischerauer SF, Kraus T, Wu X et al (2013) In vivo degradation performance of micro-arc-oxidized magnesium implants: a micro-CT study in rats. Acta Biomater 9:5411–5420. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTBIO.2012.09.017
Geng F, Tan L, Zhang B et al (2009) Study on beta-TCP coated porous Mg as a Bone tissue engineering scaffold material. J Mater Sci Technol 25:123–129
Gibson LJ (1985) The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. J Biomech 18:317–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(85)90287-8
Gong T, Xie J, Liao J et al (2015) Nanomaterials and bone regeneration. Bone Res 3:15029. https://doi.org/10.1038/boneres.2015.29
Gu X, Zheng Y, Cheng Y et al (2009) In vitro corrosion and biocompatibility of binary magnesium alloys. Biomaterials 30:484–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.10.021
Gu XN, Zhou WR, Zheng YF et al (2010) Degradation and cytotoxicity of lotus-type porous pure magnesium as potential tissue engineering scaffold material. Mater Lett 64:1871–1874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.06.015
Hedberg EL, Shih CK, Lemoine JJ et al (2005) In vitro degradation of porous poly(propylene fumarate)/poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) composite scaffolds. Biomaterials 26:3215–3225. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2004.09.012
Helgason B, Perilli E, Schileo E et al (2008) Mathematical relationships between bone density and mechanical properties: a literature review. Clin Biomech 23:135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.08.024
Jasmawati N, Fatihhi S, Putra A et al (2017) Mg-based porous metals as cancellous bone analogous material: a review. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part L J Mater Des Appl 231:544–556. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420715624449
Jiang G, He G (2014) A new approach to the fabrication of porous magnesium with well-controlled 3D pore structure for orthopedic applications. Mater Sci Eng, C 43:317–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.07.033
Judex S, Boyd S, Qin Y-X et al (2003) Combining high-resolution micro-computed tomography with material composition to define the quality of bone tissue. Curr Osteoporos Rep 1:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-003-0003-x
Lacroix D, Planell JA, Prendergast PJ (2009) Computer-aided design and finite-element modelling of biomaterial scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 367:1993–2009. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0024
Lewis G (2013) Properties of open-cell porous metals and alloys for orthopaedic applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 24:2293–2325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-4998-y
Liu XS, Bevill G, Keaveny TM et al (2009) Micromechanical analyses of vertebral trabecular bone based on individual trabeculae segmentation of plates and rods. J Biomech 42:249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.10.035
Md Saad AP, Syahrom A (2018) Study of dynamic degradation behaviour of porous magnesium under physiological environment of human cancellous bone. Corros Sci 131:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2017.10.026
Md. Saad AP, Jasmawati N, Harun MN et al (2016) Dynamic degradation of porous magnesium under a simulated environment of human cancellous bone. Corros Sci 112:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.08.017
Md Saad AP, Abdul Rahim RA, Harun MN et al (2017) The influence of flow rates on the dynamic degradation behaviour of porous magnesium under a simulated environment of human cancellous bone. Mater Des 122:268–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.029
Milan J, Planell JA, Lacroix D (2009) Biomaterials computational modelling of the mechanical environment of osteogenesis within a polylactic acid—calcium phosphate glass scaffold. Biomaterials 30:4219–4226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.026
Mistry AS, Pham QP, Schouten C et al (2010) In vivo bone biocompatibility and degradation of porous fumarate-based polymer/alumoxane nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res—Part A 92:451–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32371
Morgan EF, Keaveny TM (2001) Dependence of yield strain of human trabecular bone on anatomic site. J Biomech 34:569–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00011-2
Perilli E, Baleani M, Öhman C et al (2008) Dependence of mechanical compressive strength on local variations in microarchitecture in cancellous bone of proximal human femur. J Biomech 41:438–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.08.003
Planell JA, Lacroix D, Olivares AL (2009) Biomaterials finite element study of scaffold architecture design and culture conditions for tissue engineering. 30:6142–6149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.041
Renders GAP, Mulder L, van Ruijven LJ, van Eijden TMGJ (2007) Porosity of human mandibular condylar bone. J Anat 210:239–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00693.x
Shi X, Wang X, Niebur GL (2009) Effects of loading orientation on the morphology of the predicted yielded regions in trabecular bone. Ann Biomed Eng 37:354–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-008-9619-4
Shimko DA, Shimko VF, Sander EA et al (2005) Effect of porosity on the fluid flow characteristics and mechanical properties of tantalum scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 73B:315–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/JBM.B.30229
Snyder BD, Piazza S, Edwards WT, Hayes WC (1993) Role of trabecular morphology in the etiology of age-related vertebral fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 53:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01673396
Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, Dias G (2006) Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. Biomaterials 27:1728–1734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003
Sulong MA, Belova IV, Boccaccini AR et al (2016) A model of the mechanical degradation of foam replicated scaffolds. J Mater Sci 51:3824–3835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9701-x
Syahrom A, Abdul Kadir MR, Abdullah J, Öchsner A (2011) Mechanical and microarchitectural analyses of cancellous bone through experiment and computer simulation. Med Biol Eng Comput 49:1393–1403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-011-0833-0
Syahrom A, Abdul Kadir MR, Abdullah J, Öchsner A (2013) Permeability studies of artificial and natural cancellous bone structures. Med Eng Phys 35:792–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2012.08.011
Tamburaci S, Tihminlioglu F (2018) Biosilica incorporated 3D porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng, C 91:274–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.040
Uth N, Mueller J, Smucker B, Yousefi A-M (2017) Validation of scaffold design optimization in bone tissue engineering: finite element modeling versus designed experiments. Biofabrication 9:015023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/9/1/015023
Vesenjak M, Sulong MA, Krstulović-Opara L et al (2016) Dynamic compression of aluminium foam derived from infiltration casting of salt dough. Mech Mater 93:96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.10.012
Vormann J (2003) Magnesium: nutrition and metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 24:27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-2997(02)00089-4
Williams AFO, McCullough MBA (2015) Micro-computed tomography to finite element analysis of in vivo biodegradable magnesium-alloy screw and surrounding bone in rabbit femurs. In: Volume 14: emerging technologies; safety engineering and risk analysis; materials: genetics to structures. ASME, pp. V014T11A035; 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2015-52790
Witte F, Ulrich H, Palm C, Willbold E (2007a) Biodegradable magnesium scaffolds: part II: peri-implant bone remodeling. J Biomed Mater Res A 81:757–765. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31293
Witte F, Ulrich H, Rudert M, Willbold E (2007b) Biodegradable magnesium scaffolds: part 1: appropriate inflammatory response. J Biomed Mater Res A 81:748–756. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31170
Witte F, Hort N, Vogt C et al (2008) Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 12:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2009.04.001
Yazdimamaghani M, Razavi M, Vashaee D, Tayebi L (2015) Surface modification of biodegradable porous Mg bone scaffold using polycaprolactone/bioactive glass composite. Mater Sci Eng, C 49:436–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.041
Yu Y, Lu H, Sun J (2018) Long-term in vivo evolution of high-purity Mg screw degradation—Local and systemic effects of Mg degradation products. Acta Biomater 71:215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTBIO.2018.02.023
Zhang X, Li X-W, Li J-G, Sun X-D (2014) Preparation and mechanical property of a novel 3D porous magnesium scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 42:362–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.044
Zheng YF, Gu XN, Witte F (2014) Biodegradable metals. Mater Sci Eng R Reports 77:1–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2014.01.001
Acknowledgements
This project was sponsored by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) via the Potential Academic Staff (PAS) Grant scheme (Q.J130000.2724.03K09). The authors would like to thank the Research Management Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), for managing the project. Several authors of this present study are financially supported by the HIR-MOHE research grant initiative.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Md Saad, A.P., Prakoso, A.T., Sulong, M.A. et al. Impacts of dynamic degradation on the morphological and mechanical characterisation of porous magnesium scaffold. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 18, 797–811 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-018-01115-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-018-01115-z