Abstract
The concurrent effects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the northern winter stratosphere have been widely recognized; however, the delayed effects of ENSO in the next winter after mature ENSO have yet to be confirmed in multi reanalyses and model simulations. This study uses three reanalysis datasets, a long-term fully coupled model simulation, and a high-top general circulation model to examine ENSO’s delayed effects in the stratosphere. The warm-minus-cold composite analyses consistently showed that, except those quick-decaying quasi-biennial ENSO events that reverse signs during July–August–September (JAS) in their decay years, ENSO events particularly those quasi-quadrennial (QQ) that persist through JAS, always have a significant effect on the extratropical stratosphere in both the concurrent winter and the next winter following mature ENSO. During the concurrent winter, the QQ ENSO-induced Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern corresponds to an anomalous wavenumber-1 from the upper troposphere to the stratosphere, which acts to intensify/weaken the climatological wave pattern during warm/cold ENSO. Associated with the zonally quasi-homogeneous tropical forcing in spring of the QQ ENSO decay years, there appear persistent and zonally quasi-homogeneous temperature anomalies in the midlatitudes from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere until summer. With the reduction in ENSO forcing and the PNA responses in the following winter, an anomalous wavenumber-2 prevails in the extratropics. Although the anomalous wave flux divergence in the upper stratospheric layer is still dominated by wavenumber-1, it is mainly caused by wavenumber-2 in the lower stratosphere. However, the wavenumber-2 activity in the next winter is always underestimated in the model simulations, and wavenumber-1 activity dominates in both winters.
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Acknowledgments
This work was jointly supported by research grants from the National Science Foundation of China (41575041, 41430533, and 91437105), a Chinese Academy of Sciences project (XDA11010402), and a China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund (GYHY201406001). We thank the relevant agencies (i.e., NCEP/NCAR, the ECWMF, the JMA, and the UKMO/HC) for providing the three reanalysis datasets (NCEP/NCAR, ERA, and JRA) and the SST analysis datasets (HadISST and COBE) used in this study.
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Ren, R., Rao, J., Wu, G. et al. Tracking the delayed response of the northern winter stratosphere to ENSO using multi reanalyses and model simulations. Clim Dyn 48, 2859–2879 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3238-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3238-9