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Fundamental Principles of Operation and Notes on Fabrication of Photonic Microresonators

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Photonic Microresonator Research and Applications

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Optical Sciences ((SSOS,volume 156))

Abstract

Light confining microresonators based on evanescent wave propagation and whispering gallery (WG) modes have received much attention in the past decades, due to their conceptual similarity with their standing wave counterparts, improvements in fabrication technology, and their versatility in realizing various functions in telecommunications, sensing, measurement, and instrumentation. In this chapter the general concepts, design principles, and practical realizations of optical microresonators are briefly introduced. Using a simple but generic model, important design parameters such as the Q-factor, the finesse, the free spectral range, the intensity buildup, and the effects of loss are derived in general terms from basic principles. The discussion on cavity design is completed by reviewing several intrinsic properties of available material systems, such as the refractive index contrast, which is essential for field confinement, which limits the resonator geometrical size, contributes to material loss, and influences the nonlinear response. Finally, fabrication techniques of microring and WG resonators are also outlined, from the surface tension-mediated processes in silica microspheres and microtoroids to the wafer-based technologies such as deep ultraviolet (DUV), electron beam, and nanoimprint lithography. Some notable examples of fabricated resonators are discussed and compared.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the partial support from Academic Research Fund (ARC16/07-T2061204RS) and National Research Foundation (NRF-G-CRP 2007-01). LYMT wishes to dedicate this chapter to the late Prof. Chin Mee Koy who had been a good mentor, friend, and advisor

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  1. Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

    Landobasa Y.M. Tobing

  2. Universiteit Gent, Sint-Pieterniewstraat, Ghent, Belgium

    Pieter Dumon

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Correspondence to Landobasa Y.M. Tobing .

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    Ioannis Chremmos

  2. Dept. Electrical & Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Maisonneuve Blvd. West, EV005.126 1455, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada

    Otto Schwelb

  3. , School of Electrical and, National Technical University, Athens, 157 80, Greece

    Nikolaos Uzunoglu

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Tobing, L.Y., Dumon, P. (2010). Fundamental Principles of Operation and Notes on Fabrication of Photonic Microresonators. In: Chremmos, I., Schwelb, O., Uzunoglu, N. (eds) Photonic Microresonator Research and Applications. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 156. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1744-7_1

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