Learned Aggression in Humans

Synonyms

Bullying; Physical aggression; Relational aggression; Violence

Definition

Although definitions of aggression vary, most researchers agree that aggressive acts are both intentional and potentially hurtful to the victim. Thus, learned aggression in humans is defined as learned (not instinctive) behavior or actions that are meant to harm another individual. The aggressive actions may occur in various forms, for example, verbal, physical, or psychological. Historically, research has focused primarily on physical forms of aggression, such as instances of hitting, pushing, kicking, or throwing objects, all with the intent to physically harm another person. More recently, researchers have begun to investigate nonphysical forms of aggression that are also intended to hurt others. For example, verbal aggression entails outbursts or language used in social settings hurts an individual’s self-concept or causes psychological pain.

Relational aggression, also known as covert aggression, is...