References
Altbach, Philip G. 2011. Reforming higher education in the Middle East – And elsewhere. International Higher Education 64: 2–3.
Cloete, Nico, and Peter Maassen. 2015. Roles of universities and the African context. In Knowledge production and contradictory functions in African higher education, ed. Nico Cloete, Peter Maassen, and Tracy Bailey, 1–17. Cape Town: African Minds.
Cloete, Nico, Peter Maassen, and Tracy Bailey, ed. 2015. Knowledge production and contradictory functions in African higher education. Cape Town: African Minds.
Langa, Patricio V. 2013. Higher education in Portuguese speaking African countries: A five country baseline study. Somerset West: African Minds.
Luescher, Thierry M. 2016. Student representation in a context of democratisation and massification in Africa: Analytical approaches, theoretical perspectives and #RhodesMustFall. In Student politics in Africa: Representation and activism, ed. Thierry M. Luescher, Manja Klemenčič, and James Otieno Jowi, 27–60. Cape Town: African Minds.
Mohamedbhai, Goolam. 2014. Massification in higher education institutions in Africa: Causes, consequences, and responses. International Journal of African Higher Education 1(1): 59–83.
Montenegro, Claudio E., and Harry A. Patrinos. 2014. Comparable estimates of returns to schooling around the world, Policy research paper 7020. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group.
Nigeria plans six mega universities. 2013. PM news. 25 April 2013. http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/04/25/nigeria-plans-six-mega-universities/. Accessed 27 June 2016.
Times Higher Education. 2016. World university rankings 2015–2016. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/world-ranking. Accessed 26 July 2016.
UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). 2010. UIS fact sheet. No. 10, December 2010. http://www.uis.unesco.org/FactSheets/Documents/fs10-2010-en.pdf. Accessed 28 May 2016.
UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). 2016a. Higher education statistics. http://data.uis.unesco.org/. Accessed 28 May 2016.
UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). 2016b. Global flow of tertiary level students. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Pages/international-student-flow-viz.aspx. Accessed 28 May 2016.
Varghese, N.V., ed. 2006. Growth and expansion of private higher education in Africa. Paris: UNESCO/IIEP.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this entry
Cite this entry
Luescher, T.M. (2016). Higher Education Expansion in Africa and Middle East. In: Shin, J., Teixeira, P. (eds) Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_54-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_54-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9553-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9553-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education