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Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems pp 451–502Cite as

Galaxies in the Cosmological Context

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Abstract

In the last decades, a number of observational experiments have converged to establish the cold dark matter model as the “de facto” standard model for structure formation. While the cosmological paradigm appears to be firmly established, a theory of galaxy formation remains elusive, and our understanding of the physical processes that determine the observed variety of galaxy properties and their evolution as a function of cosmic time and environment is far from complete. Although much progress has been made, both on the theoretical and observational side, understanding how galaxies form and evolve remains one of the most outstanding questions of modern astrophysics. This chapter provides an introduction to ideas and concepts that underpin modern models of galaxy formation and evolution, in the currently favoured cosmological context.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The National Academy of Sciences in Washington invited two astronomers, Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, to “debate” about the scale of the universe and the nature of the nebulae. The debate had no winner or looser. Although Curtis turned out to be correct as he believed that the nebulae were galaxies external to our own, Shapley was correct in arguing that our galaxy was larger than previously thought and for showing that our Sun was not at the center of its galaxy.

  2. 2.

    Their velocities are nonrelativistic at the epoch of radiation-matter equality.

  3. 3.

    The inflationary hypothesis was introduced by Guth (1981). While inflation is understood principally by its detailed predictions of the initial conditions for the hot early universe, the detailed particle physics mechanism responsible for it is not known.

  4. 4.

    The friend-of-friend (FOF, Davis et al. 1985) algorithm is a percolation algorithm that links together all the particles with a separation less than b times the mean interparticle separation. It has been shown that, with an appropriate choice of the linking length, it is possible to select groups close to the virial overdensity predicted by the spherical collapse model.

  5. 5.

    The formation time of a halo is typically defined as the time when the most massive progenitor of the halo first contains half the final mass.

  6. 6.

    The two-point correlation function describes the probability, in excess of Poisson probability, to find two galaxies at a given relative distance.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. INAF – Astronomical Observatory of Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy

    Dr. Gabriella De Lucia

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  1. Dr. Gabriella De Lucia
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  1. Department of Physics & Space Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL, USA

    Terry D. Oswalt

  2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

    William C. Keel

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Lucia, G.D. (2013). Galaxies in the Cosmological Context. In: Oswalt, T.D., Keel, W.C. (eds) Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5609-0_10

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