Abstract
Besides the Erythrobacteraceae, the family Sphingomonadaceae represents the order Sphingomonadales, which currently includes the genera Sphingomonas, Sandaracinobacter, Blastomonas, Novosphingobium, Sphingobium, Sphingopyxis, Sandarakinorhabdus, Sphingosinicella, Stakelama, Sphingomicrobium, Sphingorhabdus, Parasphingopyxis, and Zymomonas. The genus Sphingomonas is the type genus. The family was proposed based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny and the presence of 2′hydroxymyristol dihydrosphingosine 1-glucuronic acid (SGL-1) as major sphingoglycolipid in the cellular lipids (Kosako et al. 2000). Originally the family embraced six genera, Sphingomonas, Erythrobacter, Erythromicrobium, Prophyrobacter, Zymomonas, and Sandaracinobacter. Because the genera Erythrobacter, Erythromicrobium, and Prophyrobacter formed a distinct monophyletic 16S rRNA gene sequence cluster, they were transferred to the family Erythrobacteraceae, supported by differences in the sphingoglycolipid composition. The genera Blastomonas (Sly and Cahill 1997) and Erythromonas (Yurkov et al. 1997) were first transferred to the genus Sphingomonas, then both to the genus Blastomonas. The type genus Sphingomonas was dissected into four genera based on clustering in the 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny and differences in the major polyamine and the 2-hydroxy fatty acid patterns; the genus Sphingomonassensu stricto and the three new genera Novosphingobium, Sphingobium, and Sphingopyxis. The genus Sphingopyxis was further dissected by the proposal of the genus Parasphingopyxis.
Members of the family are defined by the presence of SGL-1 in their cellular lipids, ubiquinone-Q10 as the major respiratory quinone system, and the octadecenoic fatty acid (C18:1) as the major fatty acid in total extractable lipids. The presence of 2-OH fatty acids of different chain length (C14 to C16) and the absence of 3-OH fatty acids are characteristic. Either sym-homospermidine or spermidine are the predominant polyamines. Most of the Sphingomonadaceae are chemoorganotrophic. The genera Blastomonas, Sandaracinobacter,and Sandarakinorhabdus are facultative photoheterotrophic due to the bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) content. One species of the genus Sphingomonas, Sphingomonas kaistensis, also contains BChl a. Sphingomonadaceae are commonly isolated from soils, freshwater and marine habitats, activated sludge, or the plant phyllosphere or rhizosphere. Only a few Sphingomonadaceae are known to cause human infections (Sphingomonas paucimobilis) or to be plant pathogens (S. suberifaciens); some are antagonistic against plant pathogens and induce plant growth promotion. Several species can degrade xenobiotic and recalcitrant (poly)aromatic compounds of natural or anthropogenic origin. Sphingomonads are very interesting with respect to their applications for bioremediation. Sphingomonas species can produce exopolysaccharides (sphingans), which are gelling agents that are used for food, pharmaceutical, or industrial applications. The genus Zymomonas differs from other members of the Sphingomonadaceae because of its fermentative, obligate, or facultative anaerobic metabolism. Zymomonas, which can produce biofuels, is used in natural fermentation processes of cider or plan fruits but is also the causative agent of the secondary fermentation products in biotechnological processes.
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Glaeser, S.P., Kämpfer, P. (2014). The Family Sphingomonadaceae. In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30197-1_302
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