Abstract
Blunt thoracic and abdominal injuries remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Motor vehicle collisions account for most blunt chest and abdominal injuries, followed by falls. While mostly seen following accidents, blunt abdominal injuries are, after head injury, the most common cause of homicide in the younger child.
Isolated thoracic or abdominal injuries are less common than combined injuries in both anatomical areas. Thorax injuries have a higher mortality than abdominal injuries. The most common blunt thorax injuries in fatal cases are pneumothorax/hemothorax, lung contusions, and rib fractures. However, mortality is higher where there is cardiac and aortic damage. The most common blunt abdominal injuries are contusions and lacerations to the solid organs, that is, the liver, spleen, and kidneys, and less frequently to the hollow viscera.
The autopsy should not present problems in the identification of injuries, and the circumstances of most cases will not provide any diagnostic problems. However, certain injuries may present concerns, such as posterior rib fractures in young children, where a careful assessment of the history, including a history of resuscitation, needs to be made before an informed opinion on mechanism of injury can be proffered (See Chap. 21, “Non-Central Nervous System Imaging of Pediatric Inflicted Injury”).
Inflicted trauma is an important cause of blunt thoracic and abdominal injury, with abdominal injuries more commonly encountered than thoracic injuries. External injury is often absent. The most common injuries are to the liver and hollow viscera, with injury of the duodenum, ileum, or jejunum. Ruptures may present as peritonitis. Duodenal hematoma may lead to obstruction. Blows may cause the pancreas to be contused, lacerated, or transected and may be complicated by pancreatitis. Thoracic injuries may result from child abuse but are a less a common cause of death than abdominal injuries. Rib fractures are a commonly encountered finding in abuse, but damage to lungs and heart is not common.
Thoracic and abdominal injuries may follow resuscitation, and patterns of injury need to be carefully assessed.
Blast injuries display features similar to blunt trauma and include damage to solid organs and hollow viscera. The circumstances surrounding the infliction of the injury should differentiate these injuries, though blunt trauma may follow bomb blast where the victim is propelled against solid structures or crushed by falling objects.
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Milroy, C.M. (2014). Blunt Abdominal and Thoracic Injuries in Children. In: Collins, K., Byard, R. (eds) Forensic Pathology of Infancy and Childhood. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-403-2_11
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