Abstract
An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a complex arteriovenous anastomosis with a discernible nidus, though lacking a true capillary bed. AVMs within the central nervous system pose a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. BAVMs have been traditionally thought to arise in utero. Although a small fraction of patients have AVMs present at birth, there is an emerging view that lesions may arise postnatally. There are no data available regarding possible inciting events that lead to a BAVM when acquired [4–7] or causes of incomplete penetrance when familial. The vast majority (>95 %) are not familial.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Stapf C, Mast H, Sciacca R, et al. Neurology. 2006;66(9):1350–5.
Choi JH, Mast H, Sciacca RR, et al. Stroke. 2006;37(5):1243–7.
van Beijnum J, Lovelock CE, Cordonnier C, et al. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 2):537–43.
Moftakhar P, Hauptman J, Malkasian D, Martin N. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;26(5):E10.
Arteriovenous Malformations Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(23):1812–8.
Kim H, Su H, Weinsheimer S, Pawlikowska L, Young W. Acta Neurochir. 2011;111:83–92.
Kim H, Pawlikowska L, Young W. Stroke: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2011.
Al-Shahi R, Fang J, Lewis S, Warlow C. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(5):547–51.
Al-Shahi R, Bhattacharya J, Currie D, et al. Stroke. 2003;34(5):1163–9.
Hartmann A, Mast H, Mohr J, et al. Stroke. 1998;29(5):931–4.
Hofmeister C, Stapf C, Hartmann A, et al. Stroke. 2000;31(6):1307–10.
Ogilvy C, Stieg P, Awad I, et al. Stroke. 2001;32(6):1458–71.
Hoh B, Chapman P, Loeffler J, Carter B, Ogilvy C. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(2):303–9; discussion 309–311.
Stapf C, Labovitz D, Sciacca R, Mast H, Mohr J, Sacco R. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;13(1):43–6.
Stapf C, Mast H, Sciacca R, et al. Stroke. 2003;34(5):e29–33.
da Costa L, Wallace M, Ter Brugge K, O’Kelly C, Willinsky R, Tymianski M. Stroke. 2009;40(1):100–5.
Kondziolka D, McLaughlin M, Kestle J. Neurosurgery. 1995;37(5):851–5.
Gabriel RA, Kim H, Sidney S, et al. Stroke. 2010;41(1):21–6.
Fiehler J, Stapf C. Neuroradiology. 2008;50(6):465–7.
Choi J, Mast H, Hartmann A, et al. Clinical and morphological determinants of focal neurological deficits in patients with unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation. J Neurol Sci. Dec 15 2009;287(1–2):126–30.
Moftakhar P, Hauptman J, Malkasian D, Martin N. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;26(5):E11.
Spetzler R, Martin N. J Neurosurg. 1986;65(4):476–83.
Mast H, Young W, Koennecke H, et al. Lancet. 1997;350(9084):1065–8.
Hartmann A, Stapf C, Hofmeister C, et al. Stroke. 2000;31(10):2361–4.
Joint Writing Group of the Technology Assessment Committee American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology; Joint Section on Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery a Section of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons; Section of Stroke and the Section of Interventional Neurology of the American Academy of Neurology. Stroke. 2001;32(6):1430–42.
Kim H, Sidney S, McCulloch CE, et al. Stroke. 2007;38(9):2430–7.
Miller CE, Quayyum Z, McNamee P, Al-Shahi Salman R, Committee SS. Stroke. 2009;40(6):1973–9.
Jordan YJ, Lightfoote JB, Jordan JE. J Natl Med Assoc. 2009;101(4):331–5.
Jordan JE, Ramirez GF, Bradley WG, Chen DY, Lightfoote JB, Song A. J Natl Med Assoc. 2000;92(12):573–8.
Berman MF, Hartmann A, Mast H, et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20(10):2004–8.
Jordan JE, Marks MP, Lane B, Steinberg GK. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17(2):247–54.
Field AG, Wang E. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1999;17(1):127–52, ix.
Edlow JA, Panagos PD, Godwin SA, Thomas TL, Decker WW. J Emerg Nurs. 2009;35(3):e43–71.
Consortium UH. Evidence-based guidelines in the primary care setting: neuroimaging in patients with nonacute headache. Minneapolis: American Academy of Neurology 2000.
Larson DB, Johnson LW, Schnell BM, Salisbury SR, Forman HP. Radiology. 2011;258(1):164–73.
Lledo A, Calandre L, Martinez-Menendez B, Perez-Sempere A, Portera-Sanchez A. Headache. 1994;34(3):172–4.
Pile-Spellman J, Young WL, Joshi S, et al. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(4):881–6; discussion 886–887.
Duarte J, Sempere AP, Delgado JA, Naranjo G, Sevillano MD, Clavería LE. Acta Neurol Scand. 1996;94(1):67–70.
Fullerton HJ, Achrol AS, Johnston SC, et al. Stroke. 2005;36(10):2099–104.
Lateef TM, Grewal M, McClintock W, Chamberlain J, Kaulas H, Nelson KB. Pediatrics. 2009;124(1):e12–7.
The epidemiology of headache among children with brain tumor. J Neurooncol. 1991;10(1):31–46.
Byyny RL, Mower WR, Shum N, Gabayan GZ, Fang S, Baraff LJ. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;51(6):697–703.
McCormack RF, Hutson A. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17(4):444–51.
Delgado Almandoz J, Schaefer P, Forero N, Falla J, Gonzalez R, Romero JD. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(6):1213–21.
Tanabe S, Uede T, Nonaka T, Ohtaki M, Hashi K. J Clin Neurosci. 1998;5(Suppl):33–8.
Prestigiacomo C, Niimi Y, Setton A, Berenstein A. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(7):1429–35.
Sanelli P, Mifsud M, Stieg P. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183(4):1123–6.
Goddard A, Tan G, Becker J. Clin Radiol. 2005;60(12):1221–36.
Linn J, Ertl-Wagner B, Seelos K, et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(5):946–52.
Kakizawa Y, Nagashima H, Oya F, et al. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(4):770–4.
Gailloud P, Oishi S, Carpenter J, Murphy K. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(4):571–3.
Brunelle FO, Harwood-Nash DC, Fitz CR, Chuang SH. Radiology. 1983;149(2):455–61.
Koelfen W, Wentz U, Freund M, Schultze C. Magnetic resonance angiography in 140 neuropedicatric patients. Pediatric Neurology. 1995 Jan;12(1):31–38.
Lasajaunias P, ter Brugge K, Berenstein A. Surgical neuroangiography: clinical and interventional aspects in children. Vol 3. 2 edn. Leipzig: Springer; 2006.
Rodesch G, Malherbe V, Alvarez H, Zerah M, Devictor D, Lasjaunias P. Childs Nerv Syst. 1995;11(4):231–41.
Niazi TN, Klimo P, Anderson RC, Raffel C. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2010;21(3):443–56.
Heros R, Korosue K, Diebold P. Neurosurgery. 1990;26(4):570–7; discussion 577–578.
Kim EJ, Halim AX, Dowd CF, et al. Neurosurgery. 2004;54(6):1349–57; discussion 1357–1348.
Lawton MT, Kim H, McCulloch CE, Mikhak B, Young WL. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(4):702–13; discussion 713.
Lawton MT, Du R, Tran MN, et al. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(3):485–93; discussion 485–493.
Wedderburn CJ, van Beijnum J, Bhattacharya JJ, et al. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(3):223–30.
Hartmann A, Mast H, Mohr J, et al. Stroke. 2005;36(11):2431–5.
Stapf C, Mohr JP, Choi JH, Hartmann A, Mast H. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19(1):63–8.
Mohr JP, Moskowitz AJ, Stapf C, et al. Stroke. 2010;41(8):e537–40.
Achrol A, Guzman R, Varga M, Adler J, Steinberg G, Chang S. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;26(5):E9.
Fiorella D, Albuquerque F, Woo H, McDougall C, Rasmussen P. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(5 Suppl 3):S163–77; discussion S3-13.
Natarajan S, Ghodke B, Britz G, Born D, Sekhar L. Neurosurgery. 2008;62(6):1213–25; discussion 1225–1216.
Humphreys RP, Hoffman HJ, Drake JM, Rutka JT. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1996;25(6):277–85.
Lasjaunias P, Hui F, Zerah M, et al. Childs Nerv Syst. 1995;11(2):66–79; discussion 79.
Yen CP, Monteith SJ, Nguyen JH, Rainey J, Schlesinger DJ, Sheehan JP. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010;6(5):426–34.
n-BCA Trial Investigators. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(5):748–755.
Lee B-B. Management of arteriovenous malformations: A multidisciplinary approach. In: Do Y, Yakes W, Kim D, Mattassi R, Hyon W, eds. Vol 39. J Vasc Surg 2004:590–600.
Al-Shahi R, Warlow C. Database Syst Rev. 2006; 2006(1):CD003436.
Hashimoto T, Young WL, Aagaard BD, Joshi S, Ostapkovich ND, Pile-Spellman J. Anesthesiology. 2000;93(4):998–1001.
Loh Y, Duckwiler GR, Investigators OT. J Neurosurg. 2010;113(4):733–41.
White P, Wardlaw J, Easton V. Radiology. 2000;217(2):361–70.
Chappell E, Moure F, Good M. Neurosurgery. 2003;52(3):624–31; discussion 630–621.
van Gelder J. Neurosurgery. 2003;53(3):597–605; discussion 605–596.
Wintermark M, Uske A, Chalaron M, et al. J Neurosurg. 2003;98(4):828–36.
Dammert S, Krings T, Moller-Hartmann W, et al. Neuroradiology. 2004;46(6):427–34.
Karamessini M, Kagadis G, Petsas T, et al. Eur J Radiol. 2004;49(3):212–23.
Kouskouras C, Charitanti A, Giavroglou C, et al. Oct 2004;46(10):842–850
Hiratsuka Y, Miki H, Kiriyama I, et al. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2008;7(4):169–78.
McKinney A, Palmer C, Truwit C, Karagulle A, Teksam M. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(3):594–602.
Romijn M, Gratama van Andel H, van Walderveen M, et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(1):134–9.
Chen W, Wang J, Xing W, et al. Surg Neurol. 2009;71(1):32–42.
Li Q, Lv F, Li Y, Luo T, Li K, Xie P. Radiology. 2009;252(3):808–15.
Kokkinis C, Vlychou M, Zavras G, Hadjigeorgiou G, Papadimitriou A, Fezoulidis I. Br J Neurosurg. 2008;22(1):71–8.
Khandelwal N, Agarwal A, Kochhar R, et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(6):1637–43.
Kitajima M, Hirai T, Korogi Y, et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(6):1532–1538.
Yeung R, Ahmad T, Aviv R, de Tilly L, Fox A, Symons S. Can J Neurol Sci. 2009;36(2):176–80.
Romero J, Artunduaga M, Forero N, et al. Emerg Radiol. 2009;16(3):195–201.
Yoon D, Chang S, Choi C, Kim W, Lee J. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(5):962–7.
Unlu E, Temizoz O, Albayram S, et al. Eur J Radiol. 2006;60(3):367–78.
Warren D, Hoggard N, Walton L, et al. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(1 Suppl):187–96; discussion 196–187.
Heidenreich J, Schilling A, Unterharnscheidt F, et al. Acta Radiol. 2007;48(6):678–86.
Hadizadeh D, von Falkenhausen M, Gieseke J, et al. Radiology. 2008;246(1):205–13.
Saleh R, Lohan D, Villablanca J, Duckwiler G, Kee S, Finn J. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(5):1024–31.
Petkova M, Gauvrit J, Trystram D, et al. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;29(1):7–12.
Saleh R, Singhal A, Lohan D, Duckwiler G, Finn P, Ruehm S. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;19(5):251–7.
Pawlikowska L, Tran MN, Achrol AS, et al. Oct 2004;35(10):2294–2300
Pawlikowska L, Tran MN, Achrol AS, et al. Stroke. 2005;36(10):2278–80; a journal of cerebral circulation.
Achrol AS, Pawlikowska L, McCulloch CE, et al. Stroke. 2006;37(1):231–4; a journal of cerebral circulation.
Chen Y, Pawlikowska L, Yao JS, et al. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(1):72–80.
Pawlikowska L, Poon KY, Achrol AS, et al. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(5):838–43; discussion 838–843.
Achrol AS, Kim H, Pawlikowska L, et al. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(4):731–9; discussion 740.
Kim H, Hysi PG, Pawlikowska L, et al. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27(2):176–82.
Weinsheimer S, Kim H, Pawlikowska L, et al. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2(5):476–82.
Su H, Kim H, Pawlikowska L, et al. Am J Pathol. 2010;176(2):1018–27.
Mikhak B, Weinsheimer S, Pawlikowska L, et al. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;31(4):338–45.
Kim H, Su H, Weinsheimer S, Pawlikowska L, Young WL. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2011;111:83–92.
Kim H, Pawlikowska L, Young WL. Genetics and vascular biology of brain vascular malformations (Chapter 12). In: Mohr JP, Wolf PA, Grotta JC, Moskowitz MA, Mayberg M, von Kummer R, editors. Stroke: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2011. p. 169–86.
Chen Y, Fan Y, Poon KY, et al. Front Biosci. 2006;11:3121–8.
Achrol AS, Kim H, Pawlikowska L, et al. Stroke. 2007;38(2):597–8; a journal of cerebral circulation.
Hysi PG, Kim H, Pawlikowska L, et al. Stroke. 2007;38(2):456; a journal of cerebral circulation.
Frosen J, Piippo A, Paetau A, et al. Stroke. 2004;35(10):2287–93; a journal of cerebral circulation.
Weinstein JS, Varallyay CG, Dosa E, et al. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(1):15–35.
Dosa E, Guillaume DJ, Haluska M, et al. Neuro Oncol. 2011;13(2):251–60.
Dosa E, Tuladhar S, Muldoon LL, Hamilton BE, Rooney WD, Neuwelt EA. Stroke. 2011;42(6):1581–8; a journal of cerebral circulation.
Ferumoxytol (feraheme) – a new parenteral iron formulation. The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics. 2010;52(1334):23.
Testai FD, Aiyagari V, Hillmann M, Amin-Hanjani S, Dawson G, Gorelick P. Neurocrit Care. 5-May 18 2011.
Jayaraman T, Berenstein V, Li Z, et al. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3):558–64; discussion 558–564.
Fontanella M, Rainero I, Gallone S, et al. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(4):668–72; discussion 672–663.
Wang Y, Zhong M, Tan XX, et al. Neurosci Bull. 2007;23(3):151–5.
Scheufler KM, Drevs J, van Velthoven V, et al. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23(1):99–110.
Ricciuto DR, Dos Santos CC, Hawkes M, et al. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(4):702–10.
Han SY, Jun JK, Lee CH, Park JS, Syn HC. Hypertens Pregnancy. 9-Sep 23 2010.
Ong T, McClintock DE, Kallet RH, Ware LB, Matthay MA, Liu KD. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(9):1845–51.
Kopczynska E, Makarewicz R, Biedka M, Kaczmarczyk A, Kardymowicz H, Tyrakowski T. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2009;30(6):646–9.
Bolin M, Wiberg-Itzel E, Wikstrom AK, et al. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22(8):891–5.
Sandalcioglu IE, Wende D, Eggert A, et al. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;21(3):154–8.
Kim GH, Hahn DK, Kellner CP, et al. Stroke. 2008;39(8):2274–9; a journal of cerebral circulation.
Gaetani P, Rodriguez y Baena R, Tartara F, et al. Neurol Res. 1999;21(4):385–90.
Starke RM, Komotar RJ, Hwang BY, et al. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(2):343–8; discussion 348.
Walker EJ, Su H, Shen F, et al. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(6):954–62.
Kukuk GM, Hadizadeh DR, Boström A, et al. Invest Radiol. 2010;45(3):126–32.
Patrux B, Laissy JP, Jouini S, Kawiecki W, Coty P, Thiébot J. Neuroradiology. 1994;36(3):193–7.
Jagadeesan BD, Delgado Almandoz JE, Moran CJ, Benzinger TL. Stroke. 2011;42(1):87–92.
Hartwigsen G, Siebner HR, Deuschl G, Jansen O, Ulmer S. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2010;34(4):596–600.
Iancu-Gontard D, Weill A, Guilbert F, Nguyen T, Raymond J, Roy D. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(3):524–7.
Nagaraja S, Lee KJ, Coley SC, et al. Neuroradiology. 2006;48(11):821–9.
Hans FJ, Reinges MH, Reipke P, Reinacher P, Krings T. Zentralbl Neurochir. 2005;66(4):170–9.
Vates GE, Lawton MT, Wilson CB, et al. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(3):614–23; discussion 623–617.
Cloft HJ, Joseph GJ, Dion JE. Stroke. 1999;30(2):317–20.
Smith HJ, Strother CM, Kikuchi Y, et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;150(5):1143–53.
Meder JF, Oppenheim C, Blustajn J, et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18(8):1473–83.
Lee BC, Park TS, Kaufman BA. Pediatr Radiol. 1995;25(6):409–19.
Yan L, Wang S, Zhuo Y, et al. Radiology. 2010;256(1):270–9.
Loy DN, Rich KM, Simpson J, Dorward I, Santanam L, Derdeyn CP. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;26(5):E13.
Norris JS, Valiante TA, Wallace MC, et al. J Neurosurg. 1999;90(4):673–9.
Abe T, Matsumoto K, Horichi Y, Hayashi T, Ikeda H, Iwata T. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1995;35(8):580–3.
Al-Shahi R, Bhattacharya JJ, Currie DG, et al. Stroke. 2003;34(5):1156–62.
Halim AX, Singh V, Johnston SC, et al. Stroke. 2002;33(3):675–9.
Choi JH, Mast H, Hartmann A, et al. J Neurol Sci. 2009;287(1–2):126–30.
Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi Salman R, Bhattacharya JJ, et al. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(1):47–51.
Hernesniemi JA, Dashti R, Juvela S, Väärt K, Niemelä M, Laakso A. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(5):823–9; discussion 829–831.
Laakso A, Dashti R, Seppänen J, et al. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(2):244–53; discussion 253–245.
Halim AX, Johnston SC, Singh V, et al. Stroke. 2004;35(7):1697–702.
Stapf C, Khaw AV, Sciacca RR, et al. Stroke. 2003;34(11):2664–9.
ApSimon HT, Reef H, Phadke RV, Popovic EA. Stroke. 2002;33(12):2794–800.
Stefani MA, Porter PJ, terBrugge KG, Montanera W, Willinsky RA, Wallace MC. Stroke. 2002;33(5):1220–4.
Kader A, Young WL, Pile-Spellman J, et al. Neurosurgery. 1994;34(5):801–7; discussion 807–808.
Ondra SL, Troupp H, George ED, Schwab K. J Neurosurg. 1990;73(3):387–91.
Crawford PM, West CR, Chadwick DW, Shaw MD. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49(1):1–10.
Fults D, Kelly DL. Neurosurgery. 1984;15(5):658–62.
Gerosa MA, Cappellotto P, Licata C, Iraci G, Pardatscher K, Fiore DL. Childs Brain. 1981;8(5):356–71.
Investigators n-BT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(5):748–755.
van Beijnum J, Bhattacharya JJ, Counsell CE, et al. Stroke. 2008;39(12):3216–21.
Lv X, Wu Z, Jiang C, et al. Interv Neuroradiol. 2010;16(2):127–32.
Jayaraman MV, Marcellus ML, Hamilton S, et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(2):242–6.
Haw CS, terBrugge K, Willinsky R, Tomlinson G. J Neurosurg. 2006;104(2):226–32.
Hartmann A, Pile-Spellman J, Stapf C, et al. Stroke. 2002;33(7):1816–20.
Yuki I, Kim RH, Duckwiler G, et al. Clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2010;113(4):715–22.
Andreou A, Ioannidis I, Lalloo S, Nickolaos N, Byrne JV. J Neurosurg. 2008;62(6):1213–25; discussion 1225–1216.
Yakes WF, Krauth L, Ecklund J, et al. Neurosurgery. 1997;40(6):1145–52; discussion 1152–1144.
Yu SC, Chan MS, Lam JM, Tam PH, Poon WS. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(7):1139–43.
Debrun GM, Aletich V, Ausman JI, Charbel F, Dujovny M. Neurosurgery. 1997;40(1):112–20; discussion 120–111.
Wong SH, Tan J, Yeo TT, Ong PL, Hui F. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1997;26(4):475–80.
Fournier D, TerBrugge KG, Willinsky R, Lasjaunias P, Montanera W. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(2):228–33.
Wallace RC, Flom RA, Khayata MH, et al. Neurosurgery. 1995;37(4):606–15; discussion 615–608.
Panagiotopoulos V, Gizewski E, Asgari S, Regel J, Forsting M, Wanke I. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(1):99–106.
Katsaridis V, Papagiannaki C, Aimar E. Neuroradiology. 2008;50(7):589–97.
Mounayer C, Hammami N, Piotin M, et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(3):518–23.
Weber W, Kis B, Siekmann R, Jans P, Laumer R, Kühne D. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(2):244–52; discussion 252–244.
Thiex R, Williams A, Smith E, Scott RM, Orbach DB. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(1):112–20.
Sorimachi T, Koike T, Takeuchi S, et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20(7):1323–8.
Perrini P, Scollato A, Cellerini M, et al. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2004;146(8):755–66.
Song JK, Eskridge JM, Chung EC, et al. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(6):955–60.
Pierot L, Januel AC, Herbreteau D, et al. J Neuroradiol. 2009;36(3):147–52.
Frenzel T, Lee CZ, Kim H, et al. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25(1–2):157–63.
Meisel HJ, Mansmann U, Alvarez H, Rodesch G, Brock M, Lasjaunias P. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2002;144(9):879–87; discussion 888.
Kondziolka D, Humphreys RP, Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, Drake JM. Can J Neurol Sci. 1992;19(1):40–5.
Javalkar V, Pillai P, Vannemreddy P, Caldito G, Ampil F, Nanda A. Neurol India. 2009;57(5):617–21.
Maruyama K, Koga T, Shin M, Igaki H, Tago M, Saito N. J Neurosurg. 2008;109(Suppl):73–6.
Vachhrajani S, Fawaz C, Mathieu D, et al. J Neurosurg. 2008;109(Suppl):2–7.
Karlsson B, Jokura H, Yamamoto M, Söderman M, Lax I. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(4):740–4.
Maruyama K, Shin M, Tago M, Kishimoto J, Morita A, Kawahara N. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(3):453–8; discussion 458–459.
Inoue HK. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(Suppl):64–8.
Andrade-Souza YM, Zadeh G, Scora D, Tsao MN, Schwartz ML. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(1):56–63; discussion 63–54. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;46(5):1135–42
Young C, Summerfield R, Schwartz M, O’Brien P, Ramani R. Can J Neurol Sci. 1997;24(2):99–105.
Pica A, Ayzac L, Sentenac I, et al. Radiother Oncol. 1996;40(1):51–4.
Yamamoto M, Jimbo M, Hara M, Saito I, Mori K. Neurosurgery. 1996;38(5):906–14.
Young CS, Schwartz ML, O’Brien P, Ramaseshan R. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1995;63:57–9.
Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, et al. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(4):512–24.
Coffey RJ, Lunsford LD, Bissonette D, Flickinger JC. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1990;54–55:535–40.
Kiran NA, Kale SS, Kasliwal MK, et al. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2009;151(12):1575–82.
Sirin S, Kondziolka D, Niranjan A, Flickinger JC, Maitz AH, Lunsford LD. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(1):17–27; discussion 17–27.
Karlsson B, Lindqvist M, Blomgren H, et al. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(1):42–9; discussion 42–49.
Miyawaki L, Dowd C, Wara W, et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44(5):1089–106.
Mathis JA, Barr JD, Horton JA, et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16(2):299–306.
Dawson RC, Tarr RW, Hecht ST, et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990;11(5):857–64.
Uno M, Satoh K, Matsubara S, Satomi J, Nakajima N, Nagahiro S. Neurol Res. 2004;26(1):50–4.
Huh SK, Lee KC, Lee KS, Kim DI, Park YG, Chung SS. J Clin Neurosci. 2000;7(5):429–33.
Deruty R, Pelissou-Guyotat I, Amat D, et al. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1996;138(2):119–31.
Kelly ME, Guzman R, Sinclair J, et al. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(6):1152–61.
Nicolato A, Foroni R, Seghedoni A, et al. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21(4):301–7; discussion 308.
Baumann GS, Wara WM, Larson DA, et al. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1996;24(4):193–201.
Buis DR, Dirven CM, Lagerwaard FJ, et al. J Neurol. 2008;255(4):551–60.
Wara W, Bauman G, Gutin P, et al. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1995;64(Suppl 1):118–25.
Sasaki T, Kurita H, Saito I, et al. J Neurosurg. 1998;88(2):285–92.
Han PP, Ponce FA, Spetzler RF. J Neurosurg. 2003;98(1):3–7.
Davidson AS, Morgan MK. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(3):498–504; discussion 504–495.
Hamilton MG, Spetzler RF. Neurosurgery. 1994;34(1):2–6; discussion 6–7.
Post N, Russell SM, Huang P, Jafar J. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2008;51(2):114–8.
Nagata S, Matsukado K, Natori Y, Sasaki T, Fukui M. Br J Neurosurg. 2006;20(3):146–9.
Morgan MK, Rochford AM, Tsahtsarlis A, Little N, Faulder KC. Neurosurgery. 2004;54(4):832–7; discussion 837–839.
Lawton MT, Project UBAMS. Neurosurgery. 2003;52(4):740–8; discussion 748–749.
Russell SM, Woo HH, Joseffer SS, Jafar JJ. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(5):1108–16; discussion 1116–1108.
Jafar JJ, Davis AJ, Berenstein A, Choi IS, Kupersmith MJ. J Neurosurg. 1993;78(1):60–9.
Richling B, Bavinzski G. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1991;53:50–9.
Dehdashti AR, Thines L, Willinsky RA, et al. Clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2010;113(4):742–8.
Zuccaro G, Argañaraz R, Villasante F, Ceciliano A. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;26(10):1381–94.
Weprin BE, Hall WA, Cho KH, Sperduto PW, Gerbi BJ, Moertel C. Pediatr Neurol. 1996;15(3):193–9.
Lanzino G, Fergus AH, Jensen ME, Kongable GL, Kassell NF. Surg Neurol. 1997;47(3):258–63. discussion 263–264.
Chang SD, Steinberg GK, Levy RP, et al. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1998;38(Suppl):200–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this entry
Cite this entry
Cooke, D., Ghodke, B., Halbach, V., Young, W. (2013). Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatment. In: Medina, L.S., Sanelli, P.C., Jarvik, J.G. (eds) Evidence-Based Neuroimaging Diagnosis and Treatment. Evidence-Based Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3320-0_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3320-0_14
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3319-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3320-0
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine