This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ambrose, S.H. 2001. Paleolithic technology and human evolution. Science 291:1748-53.
Asfaw, B., Y. Beyene, G. Suwa, R. Walter, T. White, G. Woldegabriel & T. Yemane. 1992. The earliest Acheulean from Konso-Gardula. Nature 360: 732-5.
Burkitt, M.K. 1925.Prehistory: a study of early cultures in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Ann Arbor: The University Press.
Cremaschi, M., S. Di Lernia & E.A. Garcea. 1998. Some insights on the Aterian in the Libyan Sahara: chronology, environment, and archaeology. African Archaeological Review 15: 261-86.
Delagnes, A. & H. Roche. 2005. Late Pliocene hominid knapping skills: the case of Lokalei 2C, West Turkana, Keyna. Journal of Human Evolution 48: 435-72.
Goodwin, A.J. & C. Van Riet Lowe. 1929. The stone age cultures of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 27: 1-289.
Henshilwood, C.S. & C.W. Marean. 2003. The origins of model human behavior. Current Anthropology 44: 627-51.
Henshilwood, C.S., F.E.D’Errico, C.W. Marean, R.G. Milo & R. Yates. 2001a. An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and language. Journal of Human Evolution 41: 631-78.
Leakey, M.D. 1971. Olduvai Gorge, excavations in Beds I and III, 1960–1963, 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- 1976. The early stone industries of Olduvai Gorge. Colloquium V, IXth Congress of the International Union of Prehistoric and Protoizistoric Sciences, Nice: 24-41.
Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1983. The rock art of southern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McBrearty, S. & A. Brooks. 2000. The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 39: 453-563.
McCall, G.S. 2007. Behavioral ecological models of lithic technological change during the later Middle Stone Age of South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 1738-51.
McCall, G.S. & J. T. Thomas. 2009. Re-examining the South African Middle-to-Later Stone Age transition: multivariate analysis of the Umhlatuzana and Rose Cottage Cave stone tool assemblages. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 44: 311-30.
McPherron, S.P. 2000. Handaxes as a measure of the mental capabilities of early hominids. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 655-63.
Mellars, P. 1989. Major issues in the emergence of modern humans. Current Anthropology 30: 349-85.
Plummer, T. 2004. Flakes stones and old bones: biological and cultural evolution at the dawn of technology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 47: 118-64.
Roche, H. 2003. Les sites archéologiques plio-pléistocènes de la formation de Nachukui, Ouest-Turkana, Kenya: bilan synthétique 1997–2001. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2: 663-73.
Rolland, N. 1995. Levallois technique emergence: single or multiple? A review of the Euro-African record, in H. L. Dibble & O. Bar-Yosef (ed.) The definition and interpretation of Levallois technology: 333–59. Madison (WI): Prehistory Press.
Semaw, S. 2000. The world’s oldest stone artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: their implications for understanding stone technology and patterns of human evolution between 2·6–1·5 million years ago. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 1197-214.
Semaw, S., M. Rogers & D. Stout. 2009. The Oldowan-Acheulian transition: is there a “developed Oldowan” artifact tradition?, in M. Camps & P. Chauhan (ed.) Sourcebook of Paleolithic transitions: methods, theories, and interpretations: 173–93. New York: Springer.
Shea, J.J. 2011. Homo sapiens is as Homo sapiens was. Current Anthropology 52: 1-35.
Shepard, N. 2002. The politics of archaeology in Africa. Annual Review of Anthropology 31: 189-209.
Toth, N. & K. Schick. 2009. The Oldowan: the tool making of early hominins and chimpanzees compared. Annual Review of Anthropology 38: 289-305.
Tyron, C.A. & S. McBrearty. 2002. Tephrostratigraphy and the Acheulian to Middle Stone Age transition in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 42: 211-25.
Tryon, C.A., S. McBrearty & P.-J. Texier. 2005. Levallois lithic technology from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya: Acheulian origin and Middle Stone Age diversity. African Archaeological Review 22: 199-229.
Wadley, L. 2012. Two ‘moments in time’ during Middle Stone Age occupations of Sibudu, South Africa. South African Humanities 24: 79-97.
- 1993. The Pleistocene Later Stone Age south of the Limpopo River. Journal of World Prehistory 7: 243-96.
Wendorf, F., R. Schild, R. Said, C. V. Haynes, A. Gautier & M. Kobusiewisc. 1976. The prehistory of the Egyptian Sahara. Science 193: 103-14.
Further Reading
Barham, L. & P. Mitchell. 2008. The first Africans: African archaeology from the earliest toolmakers to most recent foragers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Camps, M., & P. Chauhan. (ed.) 2009. Sourcebook of Paleolithic transitions: methods, theories, and interpretations. New York: Springer.
Deacon, H.J. & J. Deacon. 1999. Human beginnings in South Africa: uncovering secrets of the Stone Age. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.
Willoughby, P. 2007. The evolution of modern humans in Africa: a comprehensive guide. Lanham: AltaMira Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this entry
Cite this entry
McCall, G.S., Taylor-Perryman, R. (2014). African Stone Age. In: Smith, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_658
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_658
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0426-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0465-2
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and Law