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Cell Adhesion Molecules of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily in the Nervous System

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Book cover Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

Abstract:

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are proteins mediating cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. CAMs are traditionally divided into four groups, the cadherins, the selectins, the integrins and CAMs belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). The present chapter describes CAMs belonging to IgSF, that exclusively or in part, are expressed in the nervous system. The chapter includes descriptions of myelin protein zero (P0), integrin-associated protein (CD47), neuroplastin, activated leukocyte-cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), the neural cell adhesion molecules 1 and 2 (NCAM, NCAM2), Down Syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) and Down Syndrome cell adhesion molecule-like-1 (DSCAML1), sidekick 1 and 2 (SDK1, SDK2), signal-regulatory proteins (SIRPs), nectins, nectin-like proteins (necls), and members of the CTX, IgLON, Robo, contactin, and L1 families. The individual descriptions include sections describing the expression, isoforms, structure, posttranslational modifications, homo- and heterophilic binding partners, signaling and functions of the individual CAMs. The chapter demonstrates CAMs to be more than simple regulators of adhesion. Many CAMs are important mediators of intracellular signal transduction, and CAMs are involved in many biological phenomena including migration, proliferation, and differentiation of cells, as well as axonal guidance, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity and maturation.

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Abbreviations

2-AG:

2-arachidonylglycerol

AA:

arachidonic acid

BHV:

bovine herpesvirus

BIT:

brain immunoglobulin-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs

CNS:

central nervous system

ConA:

concanavalin A

CRIB:

Cdc42/Rac1 interactive binding

CSPG:

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan

DAG:

diacylglycerol

DS-CHD:

Down syndrome congenital heart disease

E(number):

embryonic day (number)

ECM:

extracellular matrix

EC module:

extracellular module

F3:

fibronectin type III

GAP:

GTPase-activating protein

GNA:

Galanthus nivalis agglutinin

GPI:

glycosylphosphatidylinositol

HGPPS:

horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis

HIVAN:

HIV-associated nephropathy

HSPG:

heparan sulfate proteoglycan

HSV:

herpes simplex virus

Ig:

immunoglobulin

IP3 :

inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate

ITIM:

immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif

kb:

kilobase

LPA:

lysophosphatidic acid

LTD:

long-term depression

LTP:

long-term potentiation

Mbp:

megabase pairs

MSD1:

muscle-specific domain 1

NMDA:

N-methyl-d-aspartate

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

NRSE:

neuron-restrictive silencer element

P(number):

postnatal day (number)

PIP2 :

phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate

PI-PLC:

phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C

PNS:

peripheral nervous system

PRV:

porcine pseudorabies virus

PSA:

polysialic acid

SH2:

Src homology 2

SH3:

Src homology 3

SRCR:

scavenger receptor cysteine-rich

SVZ:

subventricular zone

TAM:

tyrosine-based activation motif

VASE:

variable alternative-spliced exon

VSIG:

V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing

WGA:

wheat germ agglutinin

Abl:

v-abl Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog

ADAM:

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

ADIP:

afadin DIL domain-interacting protein

ALCAM:

activated leukocyte-cell adhesion molecule

Alx4:

Aristaless-like homeobox 4

AMICA:

adhesion molecule, interacts with CXADR antigen 1

AMPA-R:

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor

AP-2:

transcription factor AP-2 α (activating enhancer-binding protein 2α)

Barx2:

BarH-like homeobox 2

BDNF:

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Brn-2:

brain-2 (POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 2)

C1-TEN:

tensin-like C1 domain containing phosphatase, TENC1

CAM:

cell adhesion molecule

CaMKII:

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

cAMP:

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CASK:

calcium/calmodulin-associated serine/threonine kinase

Caspr:

contactin-associated protein 1, CNTNAP1

CBP:

CREB-binding protein

CHD:

CAM homology domain

CHL1:

cell adhesion molecule with homology to L1CAM (close homolog of L1)

CKII:

casein kinase II

CLMP:

coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor-like membrane protein

CEPU-1:

from cerebellar Purkinje cells

CNR:

cadherin-related neuronal receptors

CREB:

cyclic-AMP response-element binding protein

CSF-1R:

colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor

Csk:

c-src tyrosine kinase

CTX:

cortical thymocyte marker of Xenopus

Cux:

cut-like 1, CCAAT displacement protein, CUTL1

CXADR:

coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor

DAL-1:

differentially expressed adenocarcinoma of the lung

4.1B:

erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1-like 3, EPB41L3

DCC:

deleted in colorectal cancer

DNAM-1:

DNAX accessory molecule-1, CD226 antigen

Dock:

Dreadlocks (Drosophila)

DSCAM:

Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule

DSCAML1:

Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule-like 1

EGF:

epidermal growth factor

EGFR:

epidermal growth factor receptor

ERK:

extracellular signal-regulated kinase

ESAM:

endothelial cell adhesion molecule

Ets-1:

v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1

FAK:

focal adhesion kinase

FGF:

fibroblast growth factor

FGFR:

fibroblast growth factor receptor

FLRT1-3:

fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane protein 1–3

Fos:

v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog

Fps:

feline sarcoma oncogene, FES

Fyn:

Fyn oncogene related to Src, Fgr, Yes

GAP-43:

growth-associated protein 43

GDNF:

glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor

GFAP:

glial fibrillary acidic protein

GFRα:

GDNF family receptor α

GH:

growth hormone

Gli1:

glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (zinc finger protein)

Gli3:

GLI-Kruppel family member GLI3 (Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome)

GRA33:

glycoprotein A33

Grb2:

growth factor receptor-bound protein 2

GRIP:

glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1

GSK3β:

glycogen synthase kinase-3β

HGF/SF:

hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor

Hoxb8:

homeo box B8

Hoxb9:

homeo box B9

Hoxc6:

homeo box C6

IAP:

integrin-associated protein

ICAT:

inhibitor of β-catenin and Tcf-4

IGSF9:

immunoglobulin superfamily member 9

IgLON:

immunoglobulin superfamily containing LAMP, OBCAM, and neurotrimin, IgSF, immunoglobulin superfamily

Inl:

internalin

IQGAP:

IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein

IR:

insulin receptor

JAK2:

Janus kinase 2

JAM:

junctional adhesion molecules

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

Kilon:

kindred of IgLON

L1:

L1 cell adhesion molecule, L1CAM

LAMP:

limbic system-associated membrane protein

LANP:

acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A

Lck:

lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase

LEF-1:

lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1

LMO7:

LIM domain 7

LNX:

ligand-of-Numb protein-X

Lyn:

v-yes-1 Yamaguchi sarcoma viral-related oncogene homolog

MAG:

myelin-associated glycoprotein

MAGI-1b:

membrane-associated guanylate kinase interacting protein-like 1

MAP:

mitogen-activated protein

MAP1A:

microtubule-associated protein 1A

MAP2:

microtubule-associated protein 2

MAPK:

mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCAM:

melanoma cell adhesion molecule

MEK:

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase

MERTK:

c-Mer protooncogene tyrosine kinase

MFR:

macrophage fusion receptor

MITF:

microphthalmia-associated transcription factor

mLin-7:

lin-7 homolog A, LIN7A

MMP:

matrix metalloproteinases

MPDZ:

multiple PDZ domain protein

MSK1:

mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1

NCAM:

neural cell adhesion molecule

Nck:

NCK adaptor protein 1

Necl:

nectin-like protein

NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; NgCAM:

neuron–glia cell adhesion molecule

NGF:

nerve growth factor

Nogo-66; reticulon 4 receptor:

RTN4R

Nope:

neighbor of Punc E11

NrCAM:

NgCAM-related cell adhesion molecule, neuronal cell adhesion molecule

NT-3:

neurotrophin-3

OBCAM:

opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule

OCAM:

olfactory cell adhesion molecule

Otx2:

orthodenticle homolog 2

PACSIN1:

protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons protein 1

Pak:

p21/Cdc42/Rac1-activated kinase 1 (STE20 homolog, yeast)

Pals2:

membrane protein, palmitoylated 6 (MAGUK p55 subfamily member 6)

PAR-3:

partitioning-defective 3 homolog

PARC:

paraxial protocadherin

Pax2:

paired box gene 2

Pax3:

paired box gene 3 (Waardenburg syndrome 1)

Pax6:

paired box gene 6 (aniridia, keratitis)

Pax8:

paired box gene 8

Phox2:

paired-like homeobox 2

PCR:

polymerase chair reaction

PDGF:

platelet-derived growth factor

PDGFR:

platelet-derived growth factor receptor

PDK:

phosphoinositide-dependent kinase

PDZ:

postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95)/discs large/zona occludens-1

PI3K:

phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase

PICK1:

protein interacting with C-kinase-1 (PKC, α binding protein, PRKCABP)

PKA:

protein kinase A

PKB:

protein kinase B

PKC:

protein kinase C

PLC:

phospholipase C

PLD:

phospholipase D

PMP22:

peripheral myelin protein 22

PP1:

protein phosphatase 1, PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A

PS1:

presenilin 1

PSD-95:

postsynaptic density-95 (discs, large homolog 4, DLG4)

PTP:

protein tyrosine phosphatase

PTPNS1:

protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type substrate 1

PTPNS1L:

protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type substrate 1-like

Punc:

putative neuronal cell adhesion molecule

PVR:

poliovirus receptor

PYK2:

PTK2B protein tyrosine kinase 2β

Rac:

Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate

Rag-1:

recombination-activating gene 1

RAGE:

renal tumor antigen

RanBPM:

Ran-binding protein 9

rhBMP-2:

recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2

Rho:

Ras homolog gene family member

RNCAM:

Rb-8-neural cell adhesion molecule

Robo1–4; roundabout:

axon guidance receptor, homolog 1–4 (Drosophila)

ROKα:

Rho A-binding kinase α

RPTP:

receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase

Rsk:

ribosomal protein S6 kinase

SAP97:

discs, large homolog 1 (Drosophila), DLG1

SAP102:

synapse-associated protein 102

Sdk1-2:

sidekick homolog 1–2 (chicken)

Shank:

Src homology 3 domain and ankyrin repeat-containing protein

Shc:

Src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein 1

Shh:

Sonic hedgehog

SHP:

SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase

SHP-2:

protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 11, PTPN11

SHPS-1:

SHP substrate 1

SIRP:

signal-regulatory protein

SKAP55hom/R:

Src-kinase-associated protein of 55-kDa homologue

Slit1–3; Slit homolog 1–3 (Drosophila); Socs-1:

suppressor of cytokine signaling 1

Src:

v-src sarcoma (Schmidt-Ruppin A-2) viral oncogene homolog

SrGAP:

Slit–Robo Rho GTPase-activating protein

S-SCAM:

synaptic scaffolding molecule

Tctex-1:

t-complex testis-expressed gene 1

TMEM25:

transmembrane protein 25

TOAD-64:

turned on after division-64

Vav1:

vav 1 oncogene

VLA-5:

integrin α5β1

Wnt:

Wingless

ZO-1:

zona occludens 1 (tight junction protein 1, TJP1)

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Authors
  1. P. S. Walmod
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  2. M. V. Pedersen
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  3. V. Berezin
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  4. E. Bock
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, Newyork, 10962, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Department of Neurosciences Division of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Suite 309, Charleston, SC 29425, USA

    Naren Banik (Professor) (Professor)

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Walmod, P.S., Pedersen, M.V., Berezin, V., Bock, E. (2007). Cell Adhesion Molecules of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily in the Nervous System. In: Lajtha, A., Banik, N. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30379-6_2

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