Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Clusters

  • Reference work entry
Book cover Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Clusters are small aggregates of atoms or molecules which are transitional forms of matter between atoms or molecules and their corresponding bulk forms. Just as this definition spans an incredibly broad range of clusters from, say, He2 to Na10000, so do the properties of these clusters span a broad range. This chapter attempts to bring order to this diverse cluster kingdom by first sorting them into six general categories. Within each category, the physics and chemistry of the more or less similar cluster species are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the unique properties of clusters owing to their finite size and finite lattice.

This chapter summarizes one of the youngest topics in this volume. Much of what is known is highly qualitative and has not yet been assembled into overarching tables or equations. Thus, this review is best regarded as a progress report on the current knowledge in this rapidly advancing field. Many of the concepts and the language used to discuss clusters are derived from condensed matter physics. The nature of these clusters impels such descriptions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Special issue on gas phase clusters, Chem. Rev. 86, 375 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  2. W. A. deHeer, W. D. Knight, M. Y. Chou, M. L. Cohen: Electronic shell structure and metal clusters. In: Solid State Physics, Vol. 40, ed. by H. Ehrenreich, D. Turnbull (Academic, New York 1987)

    Google Scholar 

  3. E. R. Bernstein (Ed.): Atomic and Molecular Clusters (Elsevier, New York 1990)

    Google Scholar 

  4. G. Scoles (Ed.): The Chemical Physics of Atomic and Molecular Clusters (North-Holland, New York 1990)

    Google Scholar 

  5. V. Bonacic-Koutecky, P. Fantucci, J. Koutecky: Special issue on gas phase clusters, Chem. Rev. 91, 1035 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. H. Haberland (Ed.): Clusters of Atoms and Molecules (Springer, Berlin 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Proceedings of the 5th international meeting on small particles and inorganic clusters, Z. Phys. D. 19-20 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  8. V. Kumar, T. P. Martin, E. Tosatti (Eds.): Clusters and Fullerenes (World Scientific, River Edge 1993)

    Google Scholar 

  9. M. D. Morse: Chem. Rev. 86, 1049 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Proceedings of the 6th international meeting on small particles and inorganic clusters, Z. Phys. D. 26-26S (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  11. P. Jena, S. N. Khanna, B. K. Rao (Eds.): Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals, Vol. 1 & 2 (Kluwer, Netherlands 1992)

    Google Scholar 

  12. C. G. Granqvist, R. A. Buhrman: J. Appl. Phys. 47, 2200 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Proceedings of the 4th international meeting on small particles and inorganic clusters, Z. Phys. D. 12 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  14. M. A. Duncan (Ed.): Advances in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters, Vol. 2 (JAI Press, Greenwith 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  15. S. Bjornholm, J. Borggreen, O. Echt, K. Hansen, J. Pedersen, H. D. Rasmussen: Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1627 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. T.P. Martin, T. Bergmann, H. Gohlich, T. Lange: Chem. Phys. Lett. 172, 209 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. O. Cheshnovsky, K.J. Taylor, J. Conceicao, R.E. Smalley: Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1785 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. K. Rademann: Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 93, 653 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  19. M. B. Knickelbein, W. J. C. Menezes: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1046 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. T. Baumert, C. Rottgermann, C. Rothenfusser, R. Thalweiser, V. Weiss, G. Gerber: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1512 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. C. Bréchignac, M. Broyer, Ph. Cahuzac, G. Delacretaz, P. Labastie, J. P. Wolf, L. Wöste: Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 275 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. J. P. Bucher, D. C. Douglass, L. A. Bloomfield: Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 3052 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. I. M. L. Billas, J. A. Becker, A. Chatelain, W. A. deHeer: Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4067 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. S. N. Khanna, S. Linderoth: Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 742 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. D. M. Cox, K. C. Reichmann, D. J. Trevor, A. Kaldor: J. Chem. Phys. 88, 111 (1988) and references therein

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. D. C. Parent, S. L. Anderson: Chem. Rev. 92, 1541 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. E. K. Parks, T. D. Klots, B. J. Winter, S. J. Riley: J. Chem. Phys. 99, 5831 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. E. K. Parks, S. J. Riley: J. Chem. Phys. 99, 5898 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. T. Schmid: Chem. Rev. 922, 1709 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. L. J. de Jongh, H. B. Brom, J. M. van Ruitenbeek, R. C. Thiel, G. Schmid, G. Longoni, A. Ceriotti, R. E. Benfield, R. Zanoni: Physical and chemical properties of high nuclearity metal-cluster compounds: Model systems for small metal particles. In: Cluster Models for Surface and Bulk Phenomena, ed. by G. Pacchioni, P. S. Bragus, F. Parmigiani (Plenum, New York 1992)

    Google Scholar 

  31. B. C. Buo, K. P. Kerns, A. W. Castleman: Science 255, 1411 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Chen, M. Feyereisen, X.P. Long, G. Fitzgerald: Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1732 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. B. V. Reddy, S. N. Khanna: Chem. Phys. Lett. 209, 104 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl, R. E. Smalley: Nature 318, 162 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. W. R. Creasy: Fullerene Sci. Tech. 1, 23 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  36. H. W. Kroto, A. W. Allaf, S. P. Balm: Chem. Rev. 91, 1213 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. W.E. Billups, M. A. Ciufolini (Eds.): Buckminsterfullerenes (VCH, New York 1993)

    Google Scholar 

  38. J. Cioslowski: Electronic Structure Calculations on Fullerenes and Their Derivatives (Topics in Physical Chemistry) (Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Special issue on Buckminsterfullerenes, Acc. Chem. Res. 25 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  40. W. Kratschmer, L. D. Lamb, K. Fostiropoulos, D. R. Huffman: Nature 347, 354 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. A.F. Hebard, M. J. Rosseinsky, R. C. Haddon, D. W. Murphy, S. H. Glarum, T. T. M. Palstra, A. P. Ramirez, A. R. Kortan: Nature 350, 600 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. J. R. Heath, R. J. Saykally: In: On Clusters and Clustering, ed. by P. J. Reynolds (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1993) p. 7

    Google Scholar 

  43. G. von Helden, M.-T. Hsu, N. Gotts, M. T. Bowers: J. Phys. Chem. 97, 8182 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. W. Weltner, R. J. Van Zee: Chem. Rev. 89, 1713 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Special issue on fullerenes, carbon, and metal-carbon clusters, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 138 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  46. S. G. Kim, D. Tomanek: Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2418 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. D. S. Bethune, R. D. Johnson, R. J. Salem, M. S. de Vries, C. S. Yannoni: Nature 366, 123 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. X.-D. Wang, T. Hazhizume, Q. Xue, H. Shinohara, Y. Saito, Y. Nishina, T. Sakurai: Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 32, L147 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  49. S. Hino, H. Takahashi, K. Iwasaki, K. Matsumoto, T. Miyazaki, S.Hasegawa, K. Kikuchi, Y. Achiba: Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4261 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. M. Saunders, H. A. Jimenez-Vazquez, R.J. Cross, S. Mroczkowski, M. L. Gross, D. E. Giblin, R. J. Poreda: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 2193 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. H. Ehrenreich, F. Spaepen (Eds.): Fullerenes in Solid State Physics, Vol. 48 (Academic, New York 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  52. J. Cioslowski: Ab initio electronic structure calculations on endohedral complexes of the C60 cluster. In: Spectroscopic and Computational Studies of Supramolecular Systems, Vol. 40, ed. by J. E. D. Davies (Kluwer, Netherlands 1992)

    Google Scholar 

  53. U. Zimmermann, N. Malinowski, U. Naher, S. Frank, T. P. Martin: Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3542 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. O. Zhou, R. M. Fleming, D. W. Murphy, C. H. Chen, R. C. Haddon, A. P.Ramirez, S. H. Glarum: Science 263, 1744 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. R. L. Whetten: Acc. Chem. Res. 26, 49 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. R. N. Barnett, U. Landman, D. Scharf, J. Jortner: Acc. Chem. Res. 22, 350 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. X. Li, R. L. Whetten: J. Chem. Phys. 98, 6170 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. G. Rajagopal, R. N. Barnett, U. Landman: Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 727 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. M. L. Steigerwald, L. E. Brus: Acc. Chem. Res. 23, 183 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Y. Wang: Acc. Chem. Res. 24, 133 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. L. Brus: Adv. Mater. 5, 286 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. K. Raghavachari, L. A. Curtiss: Accurate theoretical Studies of small elemental clusters. In: Quantum Mechanical Electronic Structure Calculations With Chemical Accuracy, ed. by R. S. Langhoff (Kluwer, Netherlands 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  63. K. Raghavachari: Phase Transitions 24-26, 61 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. N. Bingelli, J. L. Martins, J. R. Chelikowsky: Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2956 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. E. Kaxiras, K. Jackson: Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 727 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. U. Röthlisberger, W. Andreoni, M. Parrinello: Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 665 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. K. Fuke, K. Tsukamoto, F. Misaizu, M. Sanekata: J. Chem. Phys. 99, 7807 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. M. F. Jarrold: Science 252, 1085 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. K.-D. Rinnen, M.L. Mandich: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1823 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. M. A. Al-Laham, K. Raghavachari: J. Chem. Phys. 98, 8770 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. L. Lou, P. Nordlander, R. E. Smalley: J. Chem. Phys. 97, 1858 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. R. M. Graves, G. E. Scuseria: J. Chem. Phys. 95, 6602 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. C. Jin, K. J. Taylor, J. Conceicao, R. E. Smalley: Chem. Phys. Lett. 175, 17 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. K.-D. Rinnen, K.D. Kolenbrander, A. M. DeSantolo, M. L. Mandich: J. Chem. Phys. 96, 4088 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. L. Wang, L. P. F. Chibante, F. K. Tittel, R. F. Curl, R. E. Smalley: Chem. Phys. Lett. 172, 335 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. Special issue on gas phase clusters, Chem. Rev. 86 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  77. S. Goyal, D. L. Schutt, G. Scoles: Acc. Chem. Res. 26, 123 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. W. Miehle, O. Kandler, T. Leisner: J. Chem. Phys. 91, 5940 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. D. J. Wales: Mol. Phys. 78, 151 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. R.S. Berry: Chem. Rev. 93, 2379 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. H. Matsuoka, T. Hirokawa, M. Matsui, M. Doyama: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 297 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. W. Kamke, J. de Vries, J. Krauss, E. Kaiser, B. Kamke, I. V. Hertel: Z. Phys. D 14, 339 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. J. Wormer, M. Joppien, G. Zimmerer, T. Moller: Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2053 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. S. Leutwyler, J. Bosiger: Chem. Rev. 90, 189 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. J. E. Adams, R. M. Stratt: J. Chem. Phys. 99, 789 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. K.B. Whaley: Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 13, 41 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. F. Luo, G. C. McBane, G. Kim, C. F. Giese, W. R. Gentry: J. Chem. Phys. 98, 3564 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. J.A. Anderson, C.A. Traynor, B. M. Boghosian: J. Chem. Phys. 99, 345 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. M. Joppien, R. Karbach, T. Moller: Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 2654 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. M. A. McMahon, R. N. Barnett, K. B. Whaley: J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8816 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. E. J. Bieske, J. P. Maier: Chem. Rev. 93, 2603 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. A. McIlroy, D. J. Nesbitt: Adv. Mol. Vib. Collision Dyn. A 1, 109 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  93. S. Xu, L. S. Bartell: J. Phys. Chem. 97, 13544 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. S. Xu, L. S. Bartell: J. Phys. Chem. 97, 13550 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. T. J. Selegue, N. Moe, J. A. Draves, J. M. Lisy: J. Chem. Phys. 96, 7268 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. J. Jortner: Faraday Discuss. 108, 1 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. J. A. Alonso: Chem. Rev. 100, 637 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. G. Meloni, M. J. Ferguson, S. Sheehan, D. M. Neumark: Chem. Phys. Lett. 399, 389 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. H. Häkkinen, M. Moseler, O. Kostkos, N. Morgner, M. Hoffmann, B. v. Issendorff: Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 093401 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. X. L. Zhu, X. C. Zeng: J. Chem. Phys. 118, 3558 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. X. L. Zhu, X. C. Zeng, Y. A. Lei, B. Pan: J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8985 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. J. H. K. Yip, J. Wu, K.-Y. Wong, K. P. Ho, C. S. Pun, J. J. Vittal: J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 51, 1245 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  103. S. Mukhopadhyay, S. K. Mandal, S. Bhaduri, W. H. Armstrong: Chem. Rev. 104, 2981 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  104. D. M. Neumark: Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 52, 255 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. T. E. Dermota, Q. Zhong, A. W. Castleman, Jr.: Chem. Rev. 104, 1862 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  106. V. Bonaĉić-Kontecký, R. Mitrić: Chem. Rev. 104, 1861 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  107. A. Van Orden, R. J. Saykelly: Chem. Rev. 98, 2313 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies Inc., 600 Mountain Avenue, 07974, Murray Hill, NJ, USA

    Mary Mandich

Authors
  1. Mary Mandich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mary Mandich .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset St., N9B 3P4, Windsor, ON, Canada

    Gordon Drake Prof.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag

About this entry

Cite this entry

Mandich, M. (2006). Clusters. In: Drake, G. (eds) Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. Springer Handbooks. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-26308-3_39

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation