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Encyclopedia of Coastal Science pp 601–677Cite as

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Part of the book series: Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series ((EESS))

Machair

Machair is a Gaelic word which applies to those areas of ancient sand dune systems mainly in the Hebrides of Scotland, but also in west Ireland, where long dune grasses have been superseded and the topography is essentially a low, plain surface (Ritchie, 1979). Its main characteristics are summarized below,

  1. 1.

    A level, low-lying, surface at a mature stage of geomorphological evolution, which is part of a very old fully vegetated coastal sand-dune system and is normally marshy in winter.

  2. 2.

    A base of blown sand which has a significant percentage of shell-derived materials and a narrow range of grain sizes.

  3. 3.

    Lime-rich soils with a pH value normally greater than 7.0.

  4. 4.

    A sandy grassland-type vegetation with long dune grasses and other early dune species having been eliminated.

  5. 5.

    Evidence of a history of anthropic interference including heavy grazing (especially rabbits, sheep, and cattle), rotational cultivation and, in places, artificial drainage.

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Cross-references

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  2. Changing Sea Levels

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  3. Dune Ridges

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  4. Eolian Processes

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  5. Human Impact on Coasts

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  6. Sandy Coasts

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  7. Sea-Level Rise, Effect

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  1. Coastal Boundaries

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  2. Coastal Zone Management

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  3. Economic Value of Beaches

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  4. Global Vulnerability Analysis

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  5. Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

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  6. Sea-Level Rise, Effect

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  7. Setbacks

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  1. Coral Reef Coasts

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  2. Desert Coasts

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  3. Mangroves, Remote Sensing

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  4. Vegetated Coasts

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  1. Cheniers

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  2. Mangroves, Ecology

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  3. Mangroves, Remote Sensing

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  4. Muddy Coasts

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  5. Peat

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  6. Salt Marsh

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  7. Tides

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  1. Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping and Light Detection and Ranging

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  2. Altimeter Surveys, Coastal Tides and Shelf Circulation

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  3. Geographic Information Systems

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  6. Mangroves, Geomorphology

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  9. Photogrammetry

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  10. RADARSAT-2

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  11. Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments

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  12. Remote Sensing: Wetlands Classification

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  13. Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems

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Cross-references

  1. Beach Erosion

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  2. Beach Features

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  3. Classification of Coasts (see Holocene Coastal Geomorphology)

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  4. Coastal Changes, Gradual

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  5. Coastal Changes, Rapid

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  6. Coastal Subsidence

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  7. Coastal Zone Management

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  8. Coasts, Coastlines, Shores, and Shorelines

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  9. Erosion: Historical Analysis and Forecasting

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  10. Geographic Information Systems

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  11. Global Positioning Systems

    Google Scholar 

  12. Monitoring, Coastal Geomorphology

    Google Scholar 

  13. Natural Hazards

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  14. Nearshore Geomorphological Mapping

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  15. Oil Spills

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  16. Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments

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  17. Sea-Level Rise, Effect

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  18. Wetlands

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Cross-references

  1. Aquaculture

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  2. Cleaning Beaches

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  3. Coastal Zone Management

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  4. Economic Value of Beaches

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  5. Environmental Quality

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  6. Natural Hazards

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  7. Rating Beaches

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  8. Tourism and Coastal Development

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  9. Water Quality

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Cross-references

  1. Archaeology

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  2. Coastal Zone Management

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  3. Conservation of Coastal Sites

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  4. Coral Reefs

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  5. Economic Value of Beaches

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  6. Environmental Quality

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  7. Human Impact on Coasts

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  8. Organizations (see Appendix 3)

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  9. Tourism and Coastal Development

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Cross-references

  1. Changing Sea Levels

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  2. Coral Reefs Emerged

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  3. Eustasy

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  4. Paleocoastlines

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  5. Pleistocene Epoch

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  6. Sea-Level Indicators, Geomorphic

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  7. Tectonics and Neotectonics

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  8. Uplift Coasts

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Cross-references

  1. Cliffs, Erosion Rates

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  2. Cliffs, Lithology versus Erosion Rate

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  3. Hydrology of Coastal Zone

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  4. Klint

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  5. Rock Coast Processes

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Cross-references

  1. Beaufort Wind Scale

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  2. Climate Patterns in the Coastal Zone

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  3. Coastal Climate

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  4. Coastal Wind Effects

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  5. Natural Hazards

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  6. Storm Surge

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  7. Wave Climate

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  8. Wave Environments

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  9. Waves

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Cross-references

  1. Atolls

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  2. Barrier

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  3. Beach Erosion

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  4. Beach Processes

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  5. Beach Ridges

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  6. Bioerosion

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  7. Cliffed Coasts

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  8. Deltas

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  9. Dune Ridges

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  10. Eolian Processes

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  11. Erosion Processes

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  12. Human Impact on Coasts

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  13. Longshore Sediment Transport

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  14. ock Coast Processes

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  15. Sandy Coasts

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  16. Shore Platforms

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  17. Storms (see Meteorological Effects)

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  18. Storm Surge

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  19. Tides

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  20. Wave-Dominated Coasts

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Cross-references

  1. Barrier Islands

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  2. Coastal Climate

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  3. Coastal Lakes and Lagoons

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  4. Coastal Zone Management

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  5. Continental Shelves

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  6. Coral Reefs

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  7. Deltas

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  8. Estuaries

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  9. Holocene Coastal Geomorphology

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  10. Mangroves, Ecology

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  11. Mangroves, Geomorphology

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  12. Muddy Coasts

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  13. Salt Marsh

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  14. Sandy Coasts

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  15. Shelf Processes

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  16. Tectonics and Neotectonics

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  17. Vegetated Coasts

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  18. Wetlands

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Cross-references

  1. Beach Nourishment

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  2. Beach Processes

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  3. Beach Sediment Characteristics

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  4. Changing Sea Levels

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  5. Environmental Quality

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  6. Shelf Processes

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Cross-references

  1. Climate Patterns in the Coastal Zone

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  2. Energy and Sediment Budgets of the Global Coastal Zone

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  3. Littoral Cells

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  4. Shore Platforms

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Cross-references

  1. Barrier Islands

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  2. Beach Erosion

    Google Scholar 

  3. Beach Processes

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  4. Coastline Changes

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  5. Coasts, Coastlines, Shores, and Shoreline

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  6. Erosion: Historical Analysis and Forecasting

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  7. Littoral Cells

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  8. Mapping Shores and Coastal Terrain

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  9. Microtidal Coasts

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  10. Tidal Inlets

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  11. Tidal Prism

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  12. Tide-Dominated Coasts

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  13. Wave-and Tide-Dominated Coasts

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  14. Wave-Dominated Coasts

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Cross-references

  1. Environmental Quality

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  2. Europe, Coastal Ecology

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  3. History, Coastal Ecology

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  4. Monitoring, Coastal Geomorphology

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  5. Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments

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  6. Remote Sensing: Wetlands Classification

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  7. Salt Marsh

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  8. Vegetation Coasts

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Cross-references

  1. Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping and Light Detection Ranging

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  2. Beach and Nearshore Instrumentation

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  3. Beach Sediment Characteristics

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  4. Coastal Warfare

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  5. Global Positioning Systems

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  6. Jet Probes

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  7. Mapping Shores and Coastal Terrain

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  8. Monitoring Coastal Ecology

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  9. Photogrammetry

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  10. Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments

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  11. Remote Sensing: Wetlands Classification

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  12. Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems

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  13. Tracers

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  14. Vibracore

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Cross-references

  1. Beach Sediment Characteristics

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  2. Cheniers

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  3. Coastal Sedimentary Facies

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  4. Mangroves, Coastal Geomorphology

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  5. Salt Marsh

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  6. Storm Surge

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  7. Tidal Flats

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  8. Tidal Flats, Open Ocean Coasts

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Authors
  1. William Ritchie
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA

    Maurice L. Schwartz

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© 2005 Springer

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Ritchie, W. et al. (2005). M. In: Schwartz, M.L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_13

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