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History of Nuclear and Radiochemistry

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Notes

  1. 1.

    1 Editors' note: As the reader is certainly aware, the present use of the term ‘atomic weight’ (or ‘chemical atomic mass’ as physicists call it sometimes) is restricted to the meaning: average ‘relative atomic mass’ (in u or amu units) of the element calculated with the natural abundances of its (stable or primordial) isotopes. Were it not anachronistic at this point of the’ story’, the appropriate term would be ‘mass number’ meaning the number of nucleons in the nucleus of the given isotope.

  2. 2.

    2 Editors' note: Nowadays we call it ‘molar mass’ (measured in g/mol units).

  3. 3.

    3 Editors' note: The adjectives short-lived and long-lived refer to the ‘average’ lifetime of a radionuclide. As we will see in Chapter 5, there are two parameters in use for describing such ‘average’ behavior. The one is the ‘mean life’ τ = 1/λ representing the ‘true’ average, being the expected value of the lifetime. The other—more frequently used—such parameter is the half-life T1/2. If, therefore, an unspecified time value is given for a radionuclide, the reader can be sure it is a half-life. The only exception is the single-atom observations of man-made elements (see Chapters 7 through 10 in Volume 2), where the times given usually mean ‘observed lifetimes’ of individual atoms.

  4. 4.

    4 Pauli first suggested the idea in a letter to Lise Meitner and other physicists; he subsequently presented it at a few conferences, but never published it in a refereed journal. In a lecture given in Zürich in 1957 he described the history in some detail, including the text of that first letter (see Pauli 1964).

  5. 5.

    5Editors' note: Some (of our) authors prefer to use the term ‘negatron’ for the negative counterpart of ‘positron’, i.e. for ‘ordinary electron’. From that aspect ‘electron’ (just like β particle) is a collective name for negatrons and positrons together.

  6. 6.

    6 Editors' note: In nuclear science it is still customary to refer to elements with higher atomic numbers as ‘heavier elements’ due to the (almost) monotonic increase of the atomic weight with Z.

  7. 7.

    7 Editors' note: Note, however, that in the Sun itself (and other ‘light’ main-sequence stars) the pp-chain dominates over the CNO-cycle as the carbon-nitrogen cycle is usually referred to (see Subsection 4.2 in Chapter 1, Volume 2, on ‘The Origin of the Chemical Elements’).

  8. 8.

    8 Editors' note: We have, however, included a brief summary of this ‘frontiers’ area (see Chapter 8 on ‘The Standard Model of Elementary Particles’).

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(2003). History of Nuclear and Radiochemistry . In: Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30682-X_1

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