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Glycoscience pp 57–99Cite as

General Properties, Occurrence, and Preparation of Carbohydrates

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Abstract

d‑Glucose and its derivatives and analogues, N‑acetyl‐d‑glucosamine, N‑acetyl‐d‑muramic acid, d‑glucopyranosyl uronic acid, and d‑glucitol represent 99.9% of the carbohydrates on the earth. d‑Glucose is found in the free state in human blood and in the combined state in disaccharides, sucrose, lactose, and α,α‐trehalose, in cyclic dextrins, and in polysaccharides, starch, glycogen, cellulose, dextrans; N‑acetyl‐d‑glucosamine and an analogue N‑acetyl‐d‑muramic acid are found in bacterial cell wall polysaccharide, murein, along with teichoic acids made up of poly‐glycerol or ‐ribitol phosphodiesters. Other carbohydrates, d‑mannose, d‑mannuronic acid, d‑galactose, N‑acetyl‐d‑galactosamine, d‑galacturonic acid, l‑iduronic acid, l‑guluronic acid, l‑rhamnose, l‑fucose, d‑xylose, and N‑acetyl‐d‑neuraminic acid are found in glycoproteins, hemicelluloses, glycosaminoglycans, and polysaccharides of plant exudates, bacterial capsules, alginates, and heparin. d‑Ribofuranose‐5‐phosphate is found in many coenzymes and is the backbone of RNAs (ribonucleic acid), and 2‐deoxy‐d‑ribofuranose‐5‐phosphate is the backbone of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). d‑Fructofuranose is found in sucrose, inulin, and levan. The general properties and occurrence of these carbohydrates and general methods of isolation and preparation of carbohydrates are presented.

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Abbreviations

ADPGlc:

adenosine‐diphospho‐glucose

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

CGTase:

cyclomaltodextrin glucanyltransferase

d.s.:

degree of substitution

DNA:

deoxyribonucleic acid

FACE:

fluorophore‐assisted capillary electrophoresis

FAD:

oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide

HPLC:

high pressure liquid chromatography

MALDI-TOF MS:

matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry

NAD+ :

oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH:

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADPH:

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

ORD:

optical rotatory dispersion

RNA:

ribonucleic acid

NADPH:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‐phosphate

NAG:

N‑acetyl‐d‑glucosamine

NAM:

N‑acetyl‐d‑muramic acid

TLC:

thin-layer chromatography

TFMS:

trifluoromethane sulfonic acid

UDPGlc:

uridine‐diphospho‐glucose

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, 4252 Molecular Biology Building, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    John F. Robyt

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  1. John F. Robyt
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Products and Glycotechnology Research Institute Inc., North Caroline State University, 4118 Swarthmore Road, Durham, NC, 27707, USA

    Bertram O. Fraser-Reid Prof. Dr.

  2. University Graduate School of Science and Engineering, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

    Kuniaki Tatsuta Prof. Dr.

  3. Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany

    Joachim Thiem Prof. Dr.

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© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York

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Robyt, J. (2008). General Properties, Occurrence, and Preparation of Carbohydrates. In: Fraser-Reid, B.O., Tatsuta, K., Thiem, J. (eds) Glycoscience. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30429-6_2

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