Abstract:
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a pervasive problem that significantly impacts many youth and their families. CSA has been associated with a variety of internalizing and externalizing problems for sexually abused youth. However, the effects of CSA are rarely limited to victims, and nonoffending caregivers and siblings often experience distress following the disclosure of abuse. Due to the heterogeneous symptom presentation exhibited by victims of CSA, and the potential impact of CSA on the entire family, it is important for clinicians to use assessment strategies that are multi-method, multi-symptom, and multi-informant. Similarly, treatment planning for sexually abused youth is complicated by the diverse impact of CSA on families, and psychosocial interventions often include victims of CSA as well as nonoffending family members. While several psychosocial interventions exist for CSA, most have not been rigorously examined. However, CSA treatments typically include similar mechanisms for change, such as psychoeducation, anxiety management, exposure, cognitive coping, behavior management, and social support. Due to the complex nature and potential long-term consequences of CSA, it is important for clinicians who work with sexually abused youth to understand and demonstrate mastery levels of clinical competencies in this area. This chapter examines CSA-related clinical issues and describes competencies for addressing the heterogeneous impact of CSA on youth at both the basic and expert level. Competencies discussed include using an evidence-based approach, possessing scientific knowledge of CSA and treatments, case conceptualization skills, building rapport and the therapeutic alliance, treatment planning and monitoring, understanding client characteristics, monitoring legal and ethical issues, evaluating risk for harm to self and others, working with interdisciplinary teams, and understanding the effects of medication on treatment. Methods of mastering these competencies through education, training, experience, supervision, and self-assessment are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abidin, R. R. (1986). Parenting stress index (2nd ed.). Charlottesville: Pediatric Psychology Press.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (1997). Forensic evaluation for children/adolescents who may have been sexually abused. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 37S–56S.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2001). Practice parameters for the psychiatric assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with suicidal behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 24S–51S.
American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. (1995). APSAC practice guideline: Use of anatomical dolls in child sexual abuse assessments. Elmhurst, IL: Author.
American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. (1997). APSAC practice guideline: Psychosocial evaluation of suspected sexual abuse in children (2nd ed.). Elmhurst, IL: Author.
American Psychological Association (APA). (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060–1073.
American Psychological Association Child Abuse and Neglect Working Group. (1996). A guide for including information on child abuse and neglect in graduate and professional education and training. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 271–285.
Asher, S. R., & Wheeler, V. A. (1985). Children’s loneliness: A comparison of rejected and neglected peer status. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 500–505.
Avinger, K. A., & Jones, R. A. (2007). Group treatmentof sexually abused adolescent girls: A review ofoutcome studies. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 35, 315–326.
Azar, S. T. (2000). Preventing burnout in professionals and paraprofessionals who work with child abuse and neglect cases: A cognitive behavioral approach to supervision. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 643–663.
Baker, J. N., Tanis, H. J., & Rice, J. B. (2001). Including siblings in the treatment of child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 10, 1–16.
Barkley, R. A. (1997). Defiant children: A clinician’s manual for assessment and parenting training (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Barkley, R. A., Edwards, G. H., & Robin, A. L. (1999). Defiant teens: A clinician’s manual for assessment and family intervention. New York: Guilford.
Barlow, D. H., Nock, M. K., & Hersen, M. (2009). Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change (3rd ed.). New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Beck anxiety inventory manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory manual, second edition. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Becker, C. B., Zayfert, C., & Anderson, E. (2004). A survey of psychologists’ attitudes towards and utilization of exposure therapy for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 277–292.
Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., & Akman, D. (1991). A review of the short-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 537–556.
Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., Akman, D., & Cassavia, E. (1992). A review of the long-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 101–118.
Bergin, L. L. (2001). Attachment behaviors, depression, and anxiety in nonoffending mothers of child sexual abuse victims. Child Maltreatment, 6, 365–375.
Berliner, L., & Elliott, D. M. (2002). Sexual abuse of children. In Myers, J. E., Berliner, L., Briere, J., Hendrix, C. T., Jenny, C. et al. (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd ed.) (pp. 55–78). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1997). Childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ): A retrospective self report. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
Bolen, R. M., & Lamb, J. L. (2004). Ambivalence of nonoffending guardians after child sexual abuse disclosure. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 185–211.
Bonner, B. L., Walker, C. E., & Berliner, L. (1999). Children with sexual behavior problems: Assessment and treatment-final report. Grant No. 90-CA-1469. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect.
Briere, J. (1996). Trauma symptom checklist for children (TSCC). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Briere, J. N., & Elliott, D. M. (1994). Immediate and long-term impacts of child sexual abuse. The Future of Children, 4, 54–69.
Briere, J., Johnson, K., Bissada, A., Damon, L., Crouch, J., Gil, E. et al. (2001). The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC): Reliability and association with abuse exposure in a multi-site study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 1001–1014.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Campbell, C., Martin, E. K., Hubel, G. S., Flood, M. F., & Hansen, D. J. (2009). Evidence-based group treatment for sexually-abused youth and their families: Project SAFE. Manuscript in preparation.
Chaffin, M., & Friedrich, B. (2004). Evidence-based treatments in child abuse and neglect. Children and Youth Services Review, 26, 1097–1113.
Chaffin, M., & Shultz, S. (2001). Psychometric evaluation of the children’s impact of traumatic events scale-revised. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 401–411.
Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7–18.
Cohen, J. A. (2005). Treating traumatized children: Current status and future directions. Journal of Trauma and Dissociations, 6, 109–121.
Cohen, J. A., Berliner, L., & Mannarino, A. P. (2000). Treating traumatized children: A research review and synthesis. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 1, 29–46.
Cohen, J. A., Berliner, L., & Mannarino, A. P. (2003). Psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for child crime victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 175–186.
Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., Maedel, A. B., & Stauffer, L. B. (1999). Examining sex-related thoughts and feelings of sexually abused and nonabused children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 701–712.
Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., & Steer, R. A. (2004). A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 393–402.
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1996). Factors that mediate treatment outcome of sexually abused preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1402–1410.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford.
Coopersmith, S. (1981). Self-esteem inventories. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Corcoran, J. (2004). Treatment outcomes research with the non-offending parents of sexually abused children: A critical review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13, 59–84.
Creed, T. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2005). Therapist alliance-building behavior within a cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety in youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 498–505.
Cronch, L. E., Viljoen, J. L., & Hansen, D. J. (2006). Forensic interviewing in child sexual abuse cases: Current techniques and future directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 195–207.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 113 S. Ct. 2786 (1993).
Davies, M. G. (1995). Parental distress and ability to cope following disclosure of extra-familial sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 399–408.
Deblinger, E., Behl, L. E., & Glickman, A. R. (2006). Treating children who have experienced sexual abuse. In Kendall, P. C. (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (3rd ed.) (pp. 383–416). New York: Guilford.
Deblinger, E., Hathaway, C. R., Lippmann, J., & Steer, R. (1993). Psychological characteristics and correlated of symptom distress in nonoffending mothers of sexually abused children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 155–168.
Deblinger, E., & Heflin, A. H. (1996). Treating sexually abused children and their nonoffending parents: A cognitive behavioral approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., & Steer, R. A. (2006). A follow-up study of a multisite, randomized, controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1474–1484.
Deblinger, E., McLeer, S. V., & Henry, D. (1990). Cognitive behavioral treatment for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress: Preliminary findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 747–752.
Deblinger, E., Steer, R. A., & Lippmann, J. (1999). Two-year follow-up study of cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress symptoms. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 1371–1378.
Derogatis, L. R. (1983). The SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual-II. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometrics Research.
Elliott, A. N., & Carnes, C. N. (2001). Reactions of non offending parents to the sexual abuse of theirchild: A review of the literature. Child Maltreatment, 6, 314–331.
Esparza, D. (1993). Maternal support and stress response in sexually abused girls ages 6–12. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 14, 85–107.
Everson, M. D., & Boat, B. W. (1989). False allegations of sexual abuse by children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 230–235.
Feiring, C., Taska, L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Adjustment following sexual abuse discovery: The role of shame and attributional style. Developmental Psychology, 38, 79–92.
Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner.
Finkelhor, D. (1994). Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse. The Future of Children, 4, 31–53.
Finkelhor, D., & Berliner, L. (1995). Research on the treatment of sexually abused children: A review and recommendations. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1408–1423.
Finkelhor, D., & Jones, L. M. (2004). Explanations for the decline in child sexual abuse cases. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (January 2004.)
Fontes, L. A. (Eds.). (1995). Sexual abuse in nine North American cultures: Treatment and prevention. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Freeman, K. A., & Morris, T. L. (2001). A review of conceptual models explaining the effects of child sexual abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 357–373.
Friedrich, W. N. (2006). Measures for evaluating child sexual abuse. In Sparta, S. N., & Koocher, G. P. (Eds.), Forensic mental health assessment of children and adolescents (pp. 412–423). New York: Oxford University Press.
Friedrich, W. N., Fisher, J. L., Dittner, C. A., Acton, R., Berliner, L., Butler, J. et al. (2001). Child sexual behavior inventory: Normative, psychiatric, and sexual abuse comparisons. Child Maltreatment, 6, 37–49.
Friedrich, W. N., Lysne, M., Sim, L., & Shamos, S. (2004). Assessing sexual behavior in high-risk adolescents with the adolescent clinical sexual behavior inventory. Child Maltreatment, 9, 239–250.
Frye v. United States, 293 F. Suppl. 1013 (DC Cir. 1923).
Futa, K. T., Hsu, E., & Hansen, D. J. (2001). Child sexual abuse in Asian American families: An examination of cultural factors that influence prevalence, identification, and treatment. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 189–209.
Garbarino, J. (1988). Report of the APA interdivisional task force on child abuse training. Division of Children, Youth, and Family Services Newsletter, 11, 7.
Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1994). Components of the psychotherapy relationship: Their interaction and unfolding during treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 296–306.
Glassman, L. H., Weierich, M. R., Hooley, J. M., Deliberto, T. L., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Child maltreatment, non-suicidal self-injury, and the mediating role of self-criticism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2483–2490.
Hansen, D. J., Hecht, D. B., & Futa, K. T. (1998). Child sexual abuse. In Van Hasselt, V. B., & Hersen, M. (Eds.), Handbook of psychological treatment protocols for children and adolescents (pp. 153–178). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Haugaard, J. J., Bonner, B. L., Linares, O., Tharinger, D., Weisz, V., & Wolfe, D. (1995). Recommendations for education and training in child abuse and neglect: Issues from high school through postdoctoral levels. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24(Suppl.), 78–83.
Hecht, D. B., Chaffin, M., Bonner, B. L., Worley, K. B., & Lawson, L. (2002). Treating sexually abused adolescents. In Myers, J. E., Berliner, L., Briere, J., Hendrix, C. T., Jenny, C. et al. (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd ed.) (pp. 159–174). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hecht, D. B., & Hansen, D. J. (1999). Adolescent victims and intergenerational issues in sexual abuse. In Van Hasselt, V. B., & Hersen, M. (Eds.), Handbook of psychological treatment with violent offenders: Contemporary strategies and issues (pp. 303–328). New York: Kluwer.
Hecht, D. B., & Hansen, D. J. (2001). The environment of child maltreatment: Contextual factors and the development of psychopathology. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 433–457.
Heflin, A. H., & Deblinger, E. (2007). Child sexual abuse. In Dattilio, F. M., & Freeman, A. (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral strategies in crisis intervention (3rd ed., pp. 247–276). New York: Guilford.
Hembree-Kigin, T. L., & McNeil, C. B. (1995). Parent-child interaction therapy. New York: Plenum.
Hetzel-Riggin, M. D., Brausch, A. M., & Montgomery, B. S. (2007). A meta-analytic investigation of therapy modality outcomes for sexually abused children and adolescents: An exploratory study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 125–141.
Hiebert-Murphy, D. (1998). Emotional distress among mothers whose children have been sexually abused: The role of a history of child sexual abuse, social support, and coping. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 423–435.
Hsu, E., Sedlar, G., Flood, M. F., & Hansen, D. J. (2002). Child sexual abuse. In Hersen, M. (Ed.), Clinical behavior therapy: Adults and children (pp. 449–473). New York: Wiley.
Hubel, G. S., Flood, M. F., & Hansen, D. J. (in press). Physically and sexually abused children. In Segal, D. L., & Hersen, M. (Eds.), Diagnostic interviewing (4th ed.). New York: Springer.
Kalichman, S. C. (1999). Mandated reporting of suspected child abuse: Ethics, law, and policy (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kallstrom-Fuqua, A. C., Weston, R., & Marshall, L. L. (2004). Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse of community women: Mediated effects on psychological distress and social relationships. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 980–992.
Karver, M. S., Handelsman, J. B., Fields, S., & Bickman, L. (2006). Meta-analysis of therapeutic relationship variables in youth and family therapy: The evidence for different relationship variables in the child and adolescent treatment outcome literature. Clinical Psychological Review, 26, 50–65.
Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Williams, L. M., & Finkelhor, D. (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 164–180.
King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Mullen, P., Myerson, N., Heyne, D., Rollings, S. et al. (2000). Treating sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1347–1355.
Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
Kumho Tire et al. v. Carmichael, 119 S. Ct. 1167 (1999).
Lane, W. G., Dubowitz, H., & Harrington, D. (2002). Child sexual abuse evaluations: Adherence to recommendations. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 11, 1–18.
Lavoie, K. L., & Barone, S. (2006). Prescription privileges for psychologists: A comprehensive review and critical analysis of current issues and controversies. CNS Drugs, 20, 51–66.
Lawson, L., & Chaffin, M. (1992). False negatives in sexual abuse disclosure interviews. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7, 532–42.
Leifer, M., Shapiro, J. P., & Kassem, L. (1993). The impact of maternal history and behavior upon foster placement and adjustment in sexually abused girls. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 755–766.
Lewin, L., & Bergin, C. (2001). Attachment behavior, depression, and anxiety in nonoffending mothers of child sexual abuse victims. Child Maltreatment, 6, 365–375.
Loftus, E. F., & Davis, D. (2006). Recovered memories. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 469–498.
Lutzker, J. R., Van Hasselt, V. B., Bigelow, K. M., Greene, B. F., & Kessler, M. L. (1998). Child abuse and neglect: Behavioral research, treatment, and theory. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3, 181–196.
Manion, I. G., McIntyre, J., Firestone, P., Ligezinska, M., Ensom, R., & Wells, G. (1996). Secondary traumatization in parents following the disclosure of extrafamilial child sexual abuse: Initial effects. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20, 1095–1109.
Mannarino, A. P., & Cohen, J. A. (1996). Family related variables and psychological symptoms found in sexually abused girls. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 5, 105–120.
Mannarino, A. P., & Cohen, J. A. (2001). Treating sexually abused children and their families: Identifying and avoiding professional role conflicts. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2, 331–342.
Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., Smith, J. A., & Moore-Motily, S. (1991). Six- and twelve-month follow-up of sexually abused girls. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 494–511.
March, J. S. (1997). Multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC) manual. San Antonio, TX: Pearson Assessments.
Mason, M. A. (1991). A judicial dilemma: Expert witness testimony in child sex abuse cases. Journal of Psy-chiatry and Law, 19, 185–219.
McCubbin, H. I., Olson, D. H., & Larsen, A. S. (1987). F-COPES: Family crisis oriented personal evaluation scales. In McCubbin, H. I., & Thompson, A. I. (Eds.), Family assessment inventories for research and practice (pp. 259–270). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.
McMahon, R. J., & Forehand, R. L. (2003). Helping the noncompliant child: Family-based treatment for oppositional behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Mennen, F. E. (1995). The relationship of race/ethnicity to symptoms in childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 115–124.
Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Morrison, N. C., & Clavenna-Valleroy, J. (1998). Per-ceptions of maternal support as related to self-concept and self-report of depression in sexually abused female adolescents. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 7, 23–40.
Myers, J. E. (2002). The legal system and child protection. In Myers, J. E., Berliner, L., Briere, J., Hendrix, C. T., Jenny, C., & Reid, T. A. (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd ed.) (pp. 305–327). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Nock, M. K., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts versus suicide gestures: Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 616–623.
Noll, J. G., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (2003). A prospective investigation of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of sexuality. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 575–586.
Norton, R. (1983). Measuring marital quality: A critical look at the dependent variable. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 141–151.
Olafson, E., & Boat, B. W. (2000). Long-term management of the sexually abused child: Considerations and challenges. In Reece, R. M. (Ed.), Treatment of child abuse: Common ground for mental health, medical, and legal practitioners (pp. 14–35). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
Ollendick, T. H. (1983). Reliability and validity of the revised rear survey schedule for children (FSSC-R). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 685–692.
Olson, D. H. (1986). Circumplex model VII: Validation studies and FACES-III. Family Process, 25, 337–350.
Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. Journal of Psychology, 135, 17–36.
Persons, J. B., & Davidson, J. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral case formulation. In Dobson, K. S. (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Pumariega, A. J. (2003). Cultural competence in systems of care for children’s mental health. In Pumariega, A. J., & Winters, N. C. (Eds.), The handbook of child and adolescent systems of care: The new community psychiatry (pp. 82–104). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Putnam, F. W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 269–278.
Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004). BASC-2: behavior assessment system for children, second edition [Manual]. Circle Pines, MN: AGS.
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1985). Revised children’s manifest anxiety scale manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Rogers, C. R. (1992). The processes of therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 163–164.
Sagatun, I. J. (1991). Expert witnesses in child abuse cases. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 9, 201–215.
Saunders, B. E., Berliner, L., & Hanson, R. F. (Eds.). (2004). Child physical and sexual abuse: Guidelines for treatment (Revised, April, 2004). Charleston, SC: National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center.
Sawyer, G. K., & Hansen, D. J. (2009). Heterogeneous symptom patterns of sexually abused youth in treatment: Understanding the complexity of the problem. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Sawyer, G. K., Tsao, E. H., Hansen, D. J., & Flood, M. F. (2006). Weekly problems scales: Instruments for sexually abused youth and their nonoffending parents in treatment. Child Maltreatment, 11, 34–48.
Saywitz, K. J., Mannarino, A. P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 1040–1049.
Shaw, J. A., Lewis, J. E., Loeb, A., Rosado, J., & Rodriguez, R. A. (2001). A comparison of Hispanic and African-American sexually abused girls and their families. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 1363–1379.
Skowron, E., & Reinemann, D. H. (2005). Effectiveness of psychological interventions for child maltreatment: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Training, 42, 52–71.
Spaccarelli, S. (1994). Stress, appraisal, and coping in child sexual abuse: A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 340–362.
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15–28.
Steel, J., Sanna, L., Hammond, B., Whipple, J., & Cross, H. (2004). Psychological sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: Abuse-related characteristics, coping strategies, and attributional style. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 785–801.
Swenson, C. C., & Hanson, R. F. (1998). Sexual abuse of children: Assessment, research, and treatment. In Lutzker, J. R. (Ed.), Handbook of child abuse research and treatment (pp. 475–499). New York: Plenum.
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 529 P.2d 553 (Cal. 1974).
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 551 P.2d 334 (Cal. 1976).
Timmons-Mitchell, J., Chandler-Holtz, D., & Semple, W. E. (1997). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in child sexual abuse victims and their mothers. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 6, 1–14.
Tremblay, C., Hebert, M., & Piche, C. (1999). Coping strategies and social support as mediator of consequences in child sexual abuse victims. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 929–945.
Tyler, K. A. (2002). Social and emotional outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: A review of recent research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7, 567–589.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families (US DHHS). (2008). Child maltreatment 2006. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Wolfe, V. V. (2006). Child sexual abuse. In Mash, E. J.,& Barkley, R. A. (Eds.), Treatment of childhood disorders (3rd ed., pp. 647–727). New York: Guilford.
Wolfe, V. V., & Gentile, C. (1992). Psychological assessment of sexually abused children. In O’Donohue, W., & Geer, J. H. (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children, Volume 1: Theory and research (pp. 143–187). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Wolfe, V. V., Gentile, C., Michienzi, T., Sas, L., & Wolfe, D. A. (1991). The children’s impact of traumatic events scale: A measure of post-sexual abuse PTSD symptoms. Behavioral Assessment, 13, 359–383.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this entry
Cite this entry
Martin, E.K., Campbell, C., Hansen, D.J. (2010). Child Sexual Abuse. In: Thomas, J.C., Hersen, M. (eds) Handbook of Clinical Psychology Competencies. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09757-2_54
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09757-2_54
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09756-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09757-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science